Use of energy filtering transmission electron microscopy for image generation and element analysis in plant organisms.

Energy filtering TEM (EFTEM) with modern spectrometers and software offers new possibilities for element analysis and image generation in plant cells. In the present review, applications of EFTEM in plant physiology, such as identification of light elements and ion transport, analyses of natural cell incrustations, determination of element exchange between fungi and rootlets during mycorrhiza development, heavy metal storage and detoxification, and employment in plant physiological experiments are summarized. In addition, it is demonstrated that EFTEM can be successfully used in more practical approaches, for example, in phytoremediation, food and wood industry, and agriculture. Preparation methods for plant material as prerequisites for EFTEM analysis are compared with respect to their suitability and technical problems are discussed.