Neurologically presenting Wilson's disease: epidemiology, pathophysiology and treatment.

Wilson's disease is a rare autosomal recessive disease of copper accumulation and copper toxicity, due to mutations in the ATP7B gene, which leads to a failure of copper excretion in the bile. It presents clinically primarily as liver disease, psychiatric disease, neurological disease, or a combination of these. The neurological disease is a movement disorder, with abnormalities of speech, tremor, incoordination and dystonia being common features. Diagnosis of neurologically presenting patients is usually straightforward, with Kayser-Fleischer rings and a urine copper over 100 microg/day almost invariably present. In the treatment of neurologically presenting patients, penicillamine should always be avoided, because of the high risk of permanent, drug-induced, additional neurological deterioration. A new drug we have developed, tetrathiomolybdate, given for 8-16 weeks, in combination with zinc, is our first choice for treating these patients. In the absence of availability of tetrathiomolybdate, zinc or trientine are the next best choices.