Perioperative management of patients with chronic kidney disease or ESRD.

The perioperative management of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) or dialysis-dependent end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is complicated by both the underlying renal dysfunction, with associated disturbances of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and altered drug clearance, and the presence of associated co-morbid conditions, including diabetes mellitus, chronic hypertension and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. The impact of CKD on fluid and electrolyte management, haematological and cardiovascular complications and drug management in the perioperative period are reviewed. Special issues related to the management of haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients in the perioperative period are also reviewed.