Preventive Strategies and Biomarkers in Male Reproductive Health from Multidisciplinary Perspective: Narrative Review.

The objective of this review is to synthesize current knowledge and evidence on male reproductive health by addressing preventive medicine strategies and biomarkers, as well as to provide clinicians, researchers, and policy makers with a coherent framework for prevention of male reproductive health. In this review male (in)fertility and determinants of male reproductive health as well as preventive strategies with special attention to primary, secondary and tertiary prevention in male reproductive health will be analyzed. From primary preventive measures: education, weight management, physical activity, sleep, healthy diet, alcohol and smoking consumption will be assessed, while from secondary preventive measures: sexually transmitted infection (STI) from the point of transmission prevention, testicular self-examination, hormonal testing and management, chronic diseases and semen analysis will be discussed; and from tertiary preventive measures: treatment of STI, treatment of congenital abnormalities, infertility treatment and urogenital cancer treatment will be elaborated. Additionally, biomarkers in male reproductive health will be synthesized and discussed. Bridging the gap between evidence and practice will ultimately lead to better understanding of the complex state of male reproductive health, thus minimizing the potential missed windows of opportunities in timely adequate preventive interventions implementations, as well as on time diagnostic and optimal treatment options.