Male Breast Cancer: Growing Insights and Continuing Challenges.

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer (BC) in men accounts for less than 1% of all BC diagnoses worldwide. Despite its low incidence, the number of men being diagnosed is increasing. Historically perceived as a predominantly female disease, BC in men has received comparatively limited attention.

AIM

This review aims to examine how BC manifests in men and explored the impact of stigma and awareness on diagnosis and prognosis.

METHODS

A narrative review of current literature was undertaken, including epidemiological studies, clinical research and psychosocial analyses relating to male BC.

RESULTS

Male BC shares several pathological and molecular features with female BC, but notable differences exist in presentation, tumour biology and treatment considerations. Men are more likely to present at a later stage of disease, often due to low awareness and misconception that BC affects only women. Stigma and limited targeted education further contribute to delayed medical consultation.

DISCUSSION

Although understanding of male BC has improved, challenges remain in early detection and awareness. The gendered perception of BC may discourage men from seeking timely medical advice, leading to more advanced disease at diagnosis and potentially poorer outcomes.

CONCLUSION

Addressing stigma, increasing public and professional education and promoting clinical research inclusive of men are essential to improving timely diagnosis and outcomes.

© 2026 The Author(s). Cancer Medicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.