From Structure to Function of Promoters and 5'UTRs in Maize.

As a cornerstone of global agriculture, maize (Zea mays) is a crucial component of sustainable food systems and industrial uses. However, global agricultural production faces pressures from climate change, resource scarcity, and rising nutritional demands. To adapt to changes in their environment, plants evolved precise and sophisticated gene expression regulatory mechanisms. A majority of gene expression regulatory elements are located in promoters and untranslated regions of mRNA. This review aims to elucidate how promoters and 5' untranslated regions function in complex synergy to regulate gene expression in maize. We discuss the structural organization of these regulatory elements, from their basic components to their integrated roles in shaping plant gene expression. Particular emphasis is placed on their significant impact on maize biotechnology, including strategies for controlling, fine-tuning, and enhancing gene expression for crop improvement. With this review we wish to guide future biotechnological innovations and food security.