Recommendations for sample selection, collection and preparation for NMR-based metabolomics studies of blood.

Abdul-Hamid Emwas, Ana Carolina Zeri, Vanessa Morris, Arnab Pain, Rupali Shivapurkar, Nour Y Madhoun, Jasmeen Merzaban, Roland Leiminger, Chung-Ke Chang, Ryan T McKay, Marcos Rodrigo Alborghetti, Brian Lee, Sven Schuchardt, Helena U Zacharias, Daniel Raftery, Horst Joachim Schirra, Fatimah Alahmari, David S Wishart, Rima Kaddurah-Daouk, Mazhar Iqbal, Edoardo Saccenti, Reza M Salek, G A Nagana Gowda, Danielle Ryan, Raja Roy, Mark Berjanskii, Rawiah A Alsiary, Dhanasekaran Shanmugam, Wolfram Gronwald, Marcia LeVatte

Journal: Metabolomics : Official journal of the Metabolomic Society 2025;21(3):66

PMID: 40348843

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Metabolic profiling of blood metabolites, particularly in plasma and serum, is vital for studying human diseases, human conditions, drug interventions and toxicology. The clinical significance of blood arises from its close ties to all human cells and facile accessibility. However, patient-specific variables such as age, sex, diet, lifestyle and health status, along with pre-analytical conditions (sample handling, storage, etc.), can significantly affect metabolomic measurements in whole blood, plasma, or serum studies. These factors, referred to as confounders, must be mitigated to reveal genuine metabolic changes due to illness or intervention onset.

REVIEW OBJECTIVE

This review aims to aid metabolomics researchers in collecting reliable, standardized datasets for NMR-based blood (whole/serum/plasma) metabolomics. The goal is to reduce the impact of confounding factors and enhance inter-laboratory comparability, enabling more meaningful outcomes in metabolomics studies.

KEY CONCEPTS

This review outlines the main factors affecting blood metabolite levels and offers practical suggestions for what to measure and expect, how to mitigate confounding factors, how to properly prepare, handle and store blood, plasma and serum biosamples and how to report data in targeted NMR-based metabolomics studies of blood, plasma and serum.

© 2025. The Author(s).

Address: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Labs, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [email protected].; Peter L. Reichertz Institute for Medical Informatics of TU Braunschweig and Hannover Medical School, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany.; Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory and Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, 13083-100, Brazil.; Northwest Metabolomics Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, 850 Republican St., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.; Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; Taiwan Biobank, Biomedical Translation Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei City, Taiwan.; Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.; Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.; Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany.; Bruker BioSpin GmbH & Co., Rudolf-Plank-Straße 23, 76275, Ettlingen, Germany.; Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; Drug Discovery and Structural Biology, Health Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan.; King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Saudi Arabia/King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; Biochemical Sciences Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, 411008, Pune, India.; School of Agricultural, Environmental and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW, 2678, Australia.; Centre of Biomedical Research, formerly, Centre of Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, Sanjay Gandhi Post-Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences Campus, Rae Bareli Road, Lucknow, 226014, India.; School of Environment and Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.; Institute for Biomedicine and Glycomics, Griffith University, Don Young Road, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.; School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, 8140, Christchurch, New Zealand.; Ilum School of Science, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, São Paulo, Zip Code 13083-970, Brazil.; Department of NanoMedicine Research, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations (IRMC), Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, 31441, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.; Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.; Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.; School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0SP, UK.; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.

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