International consensus statement on microbiome testing in clinical practice.

Address: Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.; Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy.; Microbiota I-Center (MagIC), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Institute of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, New Jersey Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NY, USA.; Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.; APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Microbiology, Leuven, Belgium.; Microbiome Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.; Unit of Microbiomics and Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Denmark.; Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases (LUCID), Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Center for Microbiome Analyses and Therapeutics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany.; Azrieli Faculty of Medicine Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel.; The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.; Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; MELIS Department, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain.; Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Valencia, Spain.; Division of Gastroenterology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Division of Gastroenterology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK; Microbiome Treatment Centre, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK.; Microbiome-Host Interactions, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France.; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Public Health Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.; IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Liver Unit-Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC CEMAD Centro Malattie dell'Apparato Digerente, Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.; Department of Gastroenterology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.; Edmonton FMT program, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.; Gastroenterology Department and Institute for Digestive Research; Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kaunas, Lithuania.; Division of Pediatrics and the Center for Microbiome Research, Shamir Medical Center, Israel, Faculty of Medical & Health Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.; Department of Emergency Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.; Goethe University Frankfurt, University Hospital Frankfurt, Department II of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.; Department of Laboratory and Infectious Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy.; University of Naples Federico II, Department of Agricultural Sciences, Portici, Italy.; Microbiomics Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.; Department for Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.; INSERM U1312 BRIC, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; LMU, University Clinic, Medical Department II, Munich, Germany.; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; School of Biomedical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.; Computer Science and Applied Mathematics Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.; Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University and Richmond VA Medical Center, Richmond, VA, USA.; Department of Gastroenterology, Concord Repatriation General Hospital, Sydney, Australia; MQ Health, Macquarie University Hospital, Sydney, Australia.; APC Microbiome Ireland, Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.; Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.; Centro Médico Teknon, Barcelona, Spain.; Louvain Drug Research Institute (LDRI), Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research (IREC), UCLouvain, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium; Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology (WELBIO), WELBIO department, WEL Research Institute, Wavre, Belgium.; Systems Immunology Department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Cancer-Microbiome Division, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Netherlands; Human Microbiome Research Program, University of Helsinki, Finland.; Microbiome Research Centre, St George & Sutherland Clinical Campuses, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.; MR Micalis Institut, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-En-Josas, France.; Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.; MR Micalis Institut, INRA, Paris-Saclay University, Jouy-En-Josas, France; Gastroenterology Department, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France; Paris Center for Microbiome MedICIsne (PaCeMM) FHU, Paris, France.; Department CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy.; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, UOC Gastroenterologia, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy. Electronic address: [email protected].