The association of activity patterns on female reproductive diseases: a prospective cohort study of UK biobank.

OBJECTIVE

Little is known about the role of timing of physical activity in female reproductive disorders. These disorders include polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), endometriosis, infertility, and pregnancy-related disorders. This study aims to investigate the associations of activity patterns with female reproductive diseases.

METHODS

A total of 49,540 female participants from the UK Biobank with valid accelerometer data were enrolled at baseline. Activity patterns were defined based on the timing of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) throughout the day. Participants were categorized into four groups according to the timing of their MVPA: "morning, evening, mixed, midday-afternoon", with the midday-afternoon group serving as the reference. Cox proportional hazards models were utilized to evaluate the association between activity patterns and female reproductive diseases.

RESULTS

During a median follow-up of 12.6 years, a total of 1044 cases of female reproductive diseases were documented. After adjustment for potential confounders, compared to women with midday-afternoon exercise, women with morning exercise and mixed-timing exercise were associated with lower risks for female reproductive diseases (HR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.67-0.98; HR=0.79, 95% CI: 0.69-0.91, P-trend < 0.05). Moreover, morning exercise and mixed-timing exercise had lower risks of PCOS (HR=0.38, 95% CI: 0.15-0.97; HR=0.27, 95% CI: 0.13-0.57, P-trend<0.001), and mixed-timing exercise was associated with a lower risk for HMB (HR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.70-0.95, P-trend < 0.05), compared with the reference group.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with midday-afternoon group, morning and mixed MVPA timing groups, but not evening group, were associated with decreased risks for female reproductive diseases and PCOS. In addition, we found that women with mixed MVPA timing exercise had a lower risk of HMB, compared with the reference group.

© 2025. The Author(s).