Nonlinear optical properties of photosensory core modules of monomeric and dimeric bacterial phytochromes.

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent proteins and optogenetic tools derived from bacterial phytochromes' photosensory core modules (PCMs) operate within the first (NIR-I) tissue transparency window under single-photon activation. Leveraging two-photon (2P) light in the second transparency window (NIR-II) for photoswitching bacterial phytochromes between Pr and Pfr absorption states offers significant advantages, including enhanced tissue penetration, spatial resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio. However, 2P photoconversion of bacterial phytochromes remains understudied. Here, we study the non-linear Pr to Pfr photoconversion's dependence on irradiation wavelength (1180-1360 nm) and energy fluence (41-339 mJ/cm) for the PCM of DrBphP bacterial phytochrome. Our findings reveal substantially higher photoconversion efficiency for the engineered monomeric DrBphP-PCM (73%) compared to the natural dimeric DrBphP-PCM (57%). Molecular mechanical calculations, based on experimentally determined 2P absorption cross-section coefficients for the monomer (167 GM) and dimer (170 GM), further verify these results. We demonstrate both short- (SWE) and long-wavelength excitation (LWE) fluorescence of the Soret band using 405 and 810-890 nm laser sources, respectively. Under LWE, fluorescence emission (724 nm) exhibits saturation at a peak power density of 1.5 GW/cm. For SWE, we observe linear degradation of fluorescence for both DrBphP-PCMs, decreasing by 32% as the temperature rises from 19 to 38°C. Conversely, under LWE, the monomeric DrBphP-PCM's brightness increases up to 182% (at 37°C), surpassing the dimeric form's fluorescence rise by 39%. These findings establish the monomeric DrBphP-PCM as a promising template for developing NIR imaging and optogenetic probes operating under the determined optimal parameters for its 2P photoconversion and LWE fluorescence.

© 2025 The Author(s). Protein Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Protein Society.