Prediction of Skin Color Using Forensic DNA Phenotyping in Asian Populations: A Focus on Thailand.

Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP) has emerged as an essential tool in criminal investigations, enabling the prediction of physical traits based on genetic information. This review explores the genetic factors influencing skin pigmentation, particularly within Asian populations, with a focus on Thailand. Key genes such as , , , and are examined for their roles in melanin production and variations that lead to different skin tones. The gene is highlighted for its role in transporting ions that help stabilize melanosomes, while specific variants in the gene, including single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs2031526 and rs3782974, are discussed for their potential effects on pigmentation in Asian groups. The gene, crucial for developing melanocytes, includes the SNP rs642742, which is linked to lighter skin in East Asians. Additionally, recent findings on the gene are presented, emphasizing its connection to pigmentation through calcium regulation in melanin production. Finally, the review addresses the ethical considerations of using FDP in Thailand, where advances in genetic profiling raise concerns about privacy, consent, and discrimination. Establishing clear guidelines is vital to balancing the benefits of forensic DNA applications with the protection of individual rights.