Ethical considerations for the age of non-governmental space exploration.

Address: School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside. 92521 Botanical Garden Dr, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA.; School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK.; Department of Life Science Engineering, FH Technikum, Vienna, Austria.; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.; Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, India.; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, MVR Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Calicut, India.; Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, MSD2080, Msida, Malta.; Department of Applied Biomedical Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Malta, MSD2080, Msida, Malta.; Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.; Cures Within Reach, Chicago, IL, 60602, USA.; Peace Innovation Institute, The Hague 2511, Netherlands & Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94305, USA.; Biometrics and Nanotechnology Councils, Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, NY, 10016-5997, USA.; Department of Biochemistry, Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.; Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.; Deep Space Biology, San Francisco, CA, USA.; Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.; School of Law, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3UB, UK.; Blue Marble Space Institute for Science, Exobiology Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA.; Space Research Within Reach, San Francisco, CA, USA.; Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Molecular Medicine Program at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. [email protected].; Division of Occupational Medicine at the University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA. [email protected].; Occupational Medicine at Billings Clinic Bozeman, Bozeman, MT, 59715, USA. [email protected].; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. [email protected].; Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, US. [email protected].; Department of Philosophy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA. [email protected].