Closed Loop Ultrafiltration Feedback Control in Hemodialysis: A Narrative Review.

While life-sustaining, hemodialysis is a non-physiological treatment modality that exerts stress on the patient, primarily due to fluid shifts during ultrafiltration. Automated feedback control systems, integrated with sensors that continuously monitor bio-signals such as blood volume, can adjust hemodialysis treatment parameters, e.g., ultrafiltration rate, in real-time. These systems hold promise to mitigate hemodynamic stress, prevent intradialytic hypotension, and improve the removal of water and electrolytes in chronic hemodialysis patients. However, robust evidence supporting their clinical application remains limited. Based on an extensive literature research, we assess feedback-controlled ultrafiltration systems that have emerged over the past three decades in comparison to conventional hemodialysis treatment. We identified 28 clinical studies. Closed loop ultrafiltration control demonstrated effectiveness in 23 of them. No adverse effects of closed loop ultrafiltration control were reported across all trials. Closed loop ultrafiltration control represents an important advancement towards more physiological hemodialysis. Its development is driven by innovations in real-time bio-signals monitoring, advancement in control theory, and artificial intelligence. We expect these innovations will lead to the prevalent adoption of ultrafiltration control in the future, provided its clinical value is substantiated in adequately randomized controlled trials.