Photobiomodulation: evidence and applications in ophthalmology.

Kai En Chan, Giuseppe Giannaccare, Natania Rae XiangQin Tan, Blanche Xiao Hong Lim, Raymond P Najjar, Chris Hong Long Lim

Journal: Current opinion in ophthalmology 2025;36(5):345-381

PMID: 40471752

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Abstract

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a noninvasive therapy utilising low-level light energy to stimulate cellular processes, modulate inflammatory pathways, enhance mitochondrial activity, promote tissue regeneration. With growing interest in PBM as a potential treatment modality, this review synthesises current evidence and highlights challenges of implementing PBM across various ophthalmic conditions.

RECENT FINDINGS

Current ophthalmic applications of PBM can be categorised into established and exploratory therapies, differentiated primarily by the attainment of regulatory approval. Established applications of PBM include the treatment of dry eye disease and nonexudative age-related macular degeneration, while the use of PBM is still largely exploratory in conditions such as diabetic macular oedema and retinopathy of prematurity. Regardless of the level of regulatory authorisation, the application of PBM in each ophthalmic condition presents with distinct challenges requiring further research for comprehensive validation.

SUMMARY

While PBM holds promise as a novel therapeutic option, its long-term efficacy and safety remains to be fully established. Standardised treatment guidelines and larger randomised controlled trials are essential to optimise its use in future clinical practice.

Address: Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine.; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine.; Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Eye Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.; Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Design and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School.; Singapore Eye Research Institute.; Department of Ophthalmology, National University Hospital, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Singapore Eye Research Institute.; Centre for Sustainable Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Cornea and Oculoplastics Units, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

DOI: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000001154

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MeSH Terms: Humans, Low-Level Light Therapy, Ophthalmology, Eye Diseases