Development of the CHILD-SHOE Reporting Checklist: A Scoping Review and Modified Delphi Study to Support Reporting in Children's Footwear Research.

J J Hannigan, Helen Banwell, Yasin Yurt, Ranel Venter, Abebayehu Tora, Jasper W K Tong, Hassan Saeedi, Gabriel Gijon-Nogueron, Liria A Okai-Nóbrega, Natalie Mazzella, Pui Wah Kong, Rachel A Kennedy, Peter O Ibikunle, Alexis Herbaut, Jan Plesek, Shane V Caswell, Simone Cranage, Marise C Breet, Kade Paterson, Stewart C Morrison, Jessica Kolic, Melanie Farlie, Cylie M Williams, Matthew Hill, Karsten Hollander, Jason Bonacci, Jayishni N Maharaj, Shannon E Munteanu

Journal: Journal of foot and ankle research 2025;18(3):e70065

PMID: 40635302

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Inconsistent reporting of interventions and outcomes is a key barrier to research translation. Children's footwear research is often inconsistently reported as there are no standards or recommendations on what to report or consensus on which outcomes are important. The primary aim of this research was to develop expert consensus in children's footwear features and descriptions for research reporting. The secondary aim focused on consensus building of outcome measures relating to footwear in research in children. The outcome of this study was to develop a reporting checklist and guidance for researchers who are conducting children's footwear studies.

METHODS

This was a three-round modified Delphi survey informed by a scoping review. We searched four databases to enable data extraction from 109 records related to children's footwear research. These data established the basis for Round 1. Authors were identified through the scoping review and invited to participate. In Round 1, participants rated the appropriateness of domains relating to reporting footwear descriptions and features and outcomes. Outcome measures were organised against a childhood adaptation of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF)-F-words in childhood disability domains. Consensus and agreement levels were set at 70%. Where 50%-69% of participants agreed, the item was returned for rating in Rounds 2 and 3.

RESULTS

There were 33 participants who responded to Round 1 and 29 (88%) in both subsequent rounds. Participants agreed on 20 statements that researchers should use to describe children's footwear and their features. All ICF domains met consensus for outcome collection. There were 17 outcome measures that participants agreed should be used in the future when a researcher's aim aligns with specific domains. Where no specific outcome measures reached consensus or agreement within a domain, a statement was developed to guide researcher choice in the subsequently developed checklist.

CONCLUSION

Participants reached consensus on the essential footwear characteristics and descriptions that should be consistently reported in children's footwear research. This enabled us to produce a list of preferred outcome measures. Using this checklist can support future research through collection and reporting of comparable data.

© 2025 The Author(s). Journal of Foot and Ankle Research published by John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd on behalf of Australian Podiatry Association and The Royal College of Podiatry.

Address: School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia.; Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.; School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia.; Monash Centre for Scholarship in Health Education, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.; School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia.; School of Life Course and Population Sciences, King's College, London, UK.; Centre for Health, Exercise and Sports Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.; Centre for Biomechanics and Rehabilitation Technologies, Staffordshire University, Staffordshire, UK.; Centre for Sport Research, Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, Australia.; Division of Sport Science, Department of Exercise, Sport, and Lifestyle Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.; Monash Health, Clayton, Australia.; School of Kinesiology, College of Education and Human Development, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA.; Program in Physical Therapy, College of Health, Oregon State University - Cascades, Bend, Oregon, USA.; Decathlon SportsLab, Lille, France.; MSH Medical School Hamburg, Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.; Nnewi Campus, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria.; Department of Neurology, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Australia.; Neurosciences, Clinical Sciences, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Australia.; National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.; Australian Centre for Precision Health and Technology, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.; School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia.; Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia.; Aname Baby Design, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; Department of Nursing and Podiatry, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain.; Department of Human Movement Studies, University of Ostrava, Moravská Ostrava a Přívoz, Czech Republic.; Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Orthotics and Prosthetics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.; Allied Health Office, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.; Wolaita Sodo University, Soddo, Ethiopia.; Faculty of Health Sciences, Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Eastern Mediterranean University, Famagusta, Türkiye.; Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia.
Bant logo

© Copyright 2026, Nutrition Evidence

NED wishes to thank the following organisations for their support:

We use cookies to improve your experience and analyze site traffic with Google Analytics. By continuing to use our site, you agree to our use of cookies. Learn more.