Geophagia among pregnant women: evaluating the microbiological and toxicological safety of calabash chalk and its implications on maternal health.

Geophagia (i.e. calabash chalk consumption) is notably prevalent among pregnant women in parts of Africa and Asia. It is often used to alleviate pregnancy-related symptoms, such as nausea, a practice that carries complex cultural, nutritional, and health implications. This review examines the microbiological and chemical safety profiles of calabash chalk, emphasizing its potential impacts on maternal health. The cultural context of geophagia and perceived health benefits of calabash chalk consumption are explored, in addition to its mineral content, pesticide, heavy metal residues, and geographical variability in toxicity. Likewise, the balance between beneficial probiotics and pathogenic microorganisms, along with the potential risks these pose, to maternal health is assessed. This review also delves into the health risks associated with pesticide and heavy metal exposure, such as developmental toxicity and neurological impacts. Furthermore, potential nutritional benefits, including minerals such as calcium and iron, and its possible probiotic effects are discussed. Additionally, the review examines existing safety regulations, identifies gaps in monitoring and standards, and proposes directions for future research, particularly regarding the long-term effects of calabash chalk consumption during pregnancy. Overall, there is need for a balanced understanding of the risks and benefits of geophagia to promote maternal and foetal well-being.

© 2025. The Author(s).