Insights into the Molecular Basis of Pollen Coat Development and Its Role in Male Sterility.

The pollen coat is the outermost layer of pollen and plays a key role in successful pollination and environmental adaptation. It consists of lipids, proteins, and phenolic compounds that protect pollen from environmental stress, promote hydration, and enable a proper interaction with the stigma. However, many questions remain unanswered, such as what the components of the pollen coat are and how they are formed, as well as how defects in the pollen coat affect the normal function of pollen. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms behind the biosynthesis and transport of pollen coat components and their contributions to pollen hydration, pollination compatibility, and fertility. Moreover, we discuss the role of selected gene families in pollen coat formation and their potential impact on agricultural breeding, paving the way for the breeding of more efficient crops.