Candidemia: An Update on Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Susceptibility, and Treatment.

Juan Pablo Cabrera-Guerrero, Eduardo García-Salazar, Graciela Hernandez Silva, Alberto Chinney Herrera, Erick Martínez-Herrera, Rodolfo Pinto-Almazán, María Guadalupe Frías-De-León, Carlos Alberto Castro-Fuentes

Journal: Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) 2025;14(8):

PMID: 40872317

Free Full Text on MDPI View on PubMed

Abstract

Candidemia is a highly prevalent invasive fungal infection caused primarily by , , (currently ), , and (currently ). Risk factors for the development of candidemia include steroid-induced immunosuppression used in solid organ or hematopoietic transplantation, and neutropenia secondary to infectious or tumorous processes. Alterations in the gut microbiota in people living with HIV, caused by antiretroviral therapy, increase the possibility of colonization by . Likewise, the presence of a central venous catheter, parenteral nutrition, and abdominal surgery stand out as the main risk factors for the development of candidemia. New diagnostic tools have been developed for the diagnosis of this mycosis that allow the identification of the main species, from improvements in conventional stains such as calcofluor white, which increases sensitivity, as well as technologies such as T2 Candida, MoiM assay, biomarker panel (1,3 β-D-glucan, C-reactive protein, presepsin, and procalcitonin), and, more recently, the development of biosensors for the identification of spp. Regarding treatment, the use of micafungin and anidulafungin in patients with obesity defined by a BMI > 30 kg/m has shown higher survival rates and therapeutic success. Meanwhile, newer antifungals such as rezafungin and fosmanogepix have demonstrated excellent results in the treatment of these patients. Therefore, this review aims to update the epidemiology and risk factors of candidemia, as well as analyze the diagnostic tools and treatments currently available.

Address: Servicio de Microbiología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Calz. de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.; Servicio de Infectología, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico.; Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Unidad de Investigación Biomédica, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal México-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico.; Servicio de Infectología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas (INER), Calz. de Tlalpan 4502, Belisario Domínguez Secc 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico.; Centro Nacional de Prevención y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE), Francisco de P. Miranda No. 157, Col. Unidad Lomas de Plateros, Álvaro Obregón, Mexico City 01480, Mexico.; Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Mexico City 11340, Mexico.; Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain.; Efficiency, Quality, and Costs in Health Services Research Group (EFISALUD), Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IISGS), Servizo Galego de Saúde-Universidade de Vigo (UVIGO), 36213 Vigo, Spain.; Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Mexico City 11340, Mexico.; Fundación Vithas, Grupo Hospitalario Vithas, 28043 Madrid, Spain.; Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad de Ixtapaluca (HRAEI), Servicios de Salud del Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social Para el Bienestar (IMSS-BIENESTAR), Carretera Federal Mexico-Puebla Km 34.5, Ixtapaluca 56530, Mexico.; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04510, Mexico.

DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14080806

Link outs

Free resources

Full Text Sources:

Miscellaneous:

https://assays.cancer.gov/CPTAC-1612

Research Materials:

https://antibodies.cancer.gov/detail/CPTC-CRP-1

MeSH Terms: Humans, Risk Factors, Candidemia, Antifungal Agents, Candida