A Systematic Review of the Association Between Vegan Diets and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease.

Jeenan Kaiser, Kim R van Daalen, Arjun Thayyil, Mafalda Tasso de Almeida Ribeiro Reis Cocco, Daniela Caputo, Clare Oliver-Williams

Journal: The Journal of nutrition 2022;151(6):1539-1552

PMID: 33831953

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Plain Language Summary

Plant-based diets have increased in popularity due to concerns for the environment and animal welfare and due to perceived health benefits. The aim of this study was to assess the association between vegan diets and risks of primary, intermediate, and recurrent cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study is a systemic review of 7 epidemiological studies comprising over 73,000 participants, of whom at least 7661 were vegans. Results indicate that there was no significant evidence of an association between adherence to a vegan diet and risks of primary CVD or a coronary heart disease event. Authors conclude that further experimental evidence and research in large diverse cohorts is required in order to better understand the clinical relevance and public health implications of the vegan diet.

Abstract

BACKGROUND

Plant-based diets are gaining attention globally due to their environmental benefits and perceived health-protective role. A vegan diet may have cardiovascular benefits; however, evidence remains conflicting and insufficiently assessed.

OBJECTIVES

We evaluated the utility of the vegan diet in cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention.

METHODS

We conducted a systematic review of studies evaluating the association between vegan diets and cardiovascular outcomes. We searched 5 databases (Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and OpenGrey) through 31 October 2020. Four investigators independently screened the full texts for inclusion, assessed quality, and extracted data from published reports.

RESULTS

Out of the 5729 identified records, 7 were included, comprising over 73,000 participants, of whom at least 7661 were vegans. Three studies, with at least 73,426 individuals (including at least 7380 vegans), examined risks of primary cardiovascular events (total CVD, coronary heart disease, acute myocardial infarction, total stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and ischemic stroke) in individuals who followed a vegan diet compared to those who did not. None of the studies reported a significantly increased or decreased risk of any cardiovascular outcome. One study suggested that vegans were at greater risk of ischemic stroke compared to individuals who consumed animal products (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 0.95-2.48). Yet in another study, vegans showed lower common carotid artery intima-media thickness (0.56 ± 0.1 mm vs. 0.74 ± 0.1 mm in controls; P < 0.001), and in 3 studies of recurrent CVD events, vegans had 0-52% lower rates. Furthermore, endothelial function did not differ between vegans and nonvegans. Using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach, evidence was deemed to be of low to very low strength/quality.

CONCLUSIONS

Among the Western populations studied, evidence weakly demonstrates associations between vegan diets and risk of CVDs, with the direction of associations varying with the specific CVD outcome tested. However, more high-quality research on this topic is needed. This study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42019146835.

Address: Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.; Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.; School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.; National Institute for Health Research BioResource, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Strangeways Research Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom.; Homerton College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.; Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom.

DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab037