Digestive Responses to Fortified Cow or Goat Dairy Drinks: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Amber M Milan, Alison J Hodgkinson, Sarah M Mitchell, Utpal K Prodhan, Colin G Prosser, Elizabeth A Carpenter, Karl Fraser, David Cameron-Smith

Journal: Nutrients 2019;10(10):1492

PMID: 30322081

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Plain Language Summary

Fortification of cow milk was initially intended to increase the available micronutrients to meet the needs of growing toddlers. These products are now used among the adolescent and adult populations for caloric regulation or protein enrichment. The aim of this randomised controlled trial was to examine the digestive and metabolic responses to commercially available fortified milks in 30 young adults. Participants were randomised to consume 500-900 mL of fortified milks with either whole milk cow-protein, whole milk goat-protein, or partially-hydrolysed whey cow-protein fortified milk. Plasma amino acid and hormonal responses were measured at baseline and at 5 hours after ingestion, and bowel transit time and digestive comfort were recorded. This study found whole-cow milk and whole-goat milk had similar protein and digestive responses, whereas partially hydrolysed whey led to delayed gastric emptying and increased insulin levels. Based on these results, the authors recommend further studies be done to address the impact of fortified milk consumption on appetite and protein metabolism.

Abstract

Fortified milk drinks are predominantly manufactured from bovine (cow) sources. Alternative formulations include those prepared with hydrolysed bovine milk proteins or from alternate species, such as caprine (goat) milk. Currently, there is little data on protein digestive and metabolic responses following ingestion of fortified milk drinks. To examine the digestive and metabolic responses to commercially-available fortified milks, young adults ( = 15 males: 15 females), in a randomised sequence, ingested isonitrogenous quantities of whole cow-protein (WC), whole goat-protein (WG), or partially-hydrolysed whey cow-protein (HC), commercial fortified milks. Plasma amino acid (AA) and hormonal responses were measured at baseline and again at 5 h after ingestion. Paracetamol recovery, breath hydrogen, and subjective digestive responses were also measured. Postprandial plasma AA was similar between WC and WG, while AA appearance was suppressed with HC. Following HC, there was a negative incremental AUC in plasma branched-chain AAs. Further, HC had delayed gastric emptying, increased transit time, and led to exaggerated insulin and GLP-1 responses, in comparison to whole protein formulas. Overall, WC and WG had similar protein and digestive responses with no differences in digestive comfort. Contrastingly, HC led to delayed gastric emptying, attenuated AA appearance, and a heightened circulating insulin response.

Address: Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. [email protected].; Food and Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand. [email protected].; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. [email protected].; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. [email protected].; Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh. [email protected].; Dairy Goat Co-operative (NZ) Ltd., 18 Gallagher Dr, Melville, Hamilton 3206, New Zealand. [email protected].; Dairy Goat Co-operative (NZ) Ltd., 18 Gallagher Dr, Melville, Hamilton 3206, New Zealand. [email protected].; AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. [email protected].; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. [email protected].; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1023, New Zealand. [email protected].; AgResearch Grasslands, Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. [email protected].; Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand. [email protected].

DOI: 10.3390/nu10101492

Patient Centred Factor

Mediators: Milk protein

Clinical Imbalances

Gastro-intestinal

Laboratory Testing

Blood Breath

Modifiable Lifestyle Factors

Diet

Jadad Score

Allocation Concealment

Yes

Nutrition Evidence Keywords

Appetite

Bioactive Substances

GLP-1 Glucagon-like protein 1

Link outs

Free resources

Full Text Sources:

Medical:

https://medlineplus.gov/dietaryproteins.html

MeSH Terms: Adolescent, Adult, Amino Acids, Animals, Beverages, Blood Glucose, Cattle, Dietary Proteins, Digestion, Female, Food, Fortified, Gastric Emptying, Gastrointestinal Transit, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Goats, Humans, Insulin, Male, Milk, Milk Proteins, Postprandial Period, Protein Hydrolysates, Whey Proteins, Young Adult