The Gut Microbiota (Microbiome) in Cardiovascular Disease and Its Therapeutic Regulation.

Md Mominur Rahman, Fahadul Islam, Md Harun -Or-Rashid, Abdullah Al Mamun, Md Saidur Rahaman, Md Mohaimenul Islam, Atkia Farzana Khan Meem, Popy Rani Sutradhar, Saikat Mitra, Anjuman Ara Mimi, Talha Bin Emran, Rinaldi Idroes, Trina Ekawati Tallei, Muniruddin Ahmed, Simona Cavalu

Journal: Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 2022;12():903570

PMID: 35795187

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Plain Language Summary

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) accounts for 31% of all-cause mortality worldwide. Irregularities in the composition of intestinal microbial composition, genetic factors, nutrition, metabolic irregularities, and smoking are among the potential causes of CVD. Intestinal permeability and translocation of endotoxins and bacterial metabolites to systemic circulation may trigger an immune response and inflammation, which may increase the risk of CVD. Synthesis of bacterial metabolites such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) by choline-inducing gut bacteria and reduced consumption of dietary TMAO precursors may elevate the CVD risk. This review explores the latest research on the role of gut microbiota in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD, as well as potential strategies to prevent CVD by targeting TMAO-producing gut bacteria. Elevated levels of TMAO in the bloodstream can lead to the buildup of cholesterol and ultimately result in atherosclerosis. However, consuming probiotics and fibre-rich foods can help regulate gut bacteria, reduce inflammation, and improve lipid profiles, all of which contribute to better cardiovascular health. More future robust studies are required to examine the mechanistic insights and confirm whether TMAO can serve as a biomarker for preventing CVD through the therapeutic modulation of intestinal bacteria.

Abstract

In the last two decades, considerable interest has been shown in understanding the development of the gut microbiota and its internal and external effects on the intestine, as well as the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as metabolic syndrome. The intestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in human health and disease. Recent studies revealed that the gut microbiota can affect the host body. CVDs are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, and patients favor death over chronic kidney disease. For the function of gut microbiota in the host, molecules have to penetrate the intestinal epithelium or the surface cells of the host. Gut microbiota can utilize trimethylamine, N-oxide, short-chain fatty acids, and primary and secondary bile acid pathways. By affecting these living cells, the gut microbiota can cause heart failure, atherosclerosis, hypertension, myocardial fibrosis, myocardial infarction, and coronary artery disease. Previous studies of the gut microbiota and its relation to stroke pathogenesis and its consequences can provide new therapeutic prospects. This review highlights the interplay between the microbiota and its metabolites and addresses related interventions for the treatment of CVDs.

Address: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.; Pharmacy Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia.; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.; Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Sam Ratulangi, Manado, Indonesia.; Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania.

DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.903570