Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their therapeutic potential against autoimmune disorders - Advances and challenges.

Tapas Kumar Goswami, Mithilesh Singh, Manish Dhawan, Saikat Mitra, Talha Bin Emran, Ali A Rabaan, Abbas Al Mutair, Zainab Al Alawi, Saad Alhumaid, Kuldeep Dhama

Journal: Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics 2022;18(1):2035117

PMID: 35240914

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Abstract

Autoimmune diseases are caused when immune cells act against self-protein. This biological self-non-self-discrimination phenomenon is controlled by a distinct group of lymphocytes known as regulatory T cells (Tregs), which are key inflammatory response regulators and play a pivotal role in immune tolerance and homeostasis. Treg-mediated robust immunosuppression provides self-tolerance and protection against autoimmune diseases. However, once this system fails to operate or poorly operate, it leads to an extreme situation where immune system reacts against self-antigens and destroys host organs, thus causing autoimmune diseases. Tregs can target both innate and adaptive immunity via modulating multiple immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes, antigen-presenting cells, B cells, and T cells. This review highlights the Treg-mediated immunosuppression, role of several markers and their interplay during Treg development and differentiation, and advances in therapeutic aspects of Treg cells to reduce severity of autoimmunity-related conditions along with emphasizing limitations and challenges of their usages.

Address: Immunology Section, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.; Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.; The Trafford Group of Colleges, Manchester, UK.; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh.; Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, Bangladesh.; Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan.; Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.; College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.; School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.; Division of Allergy and Immunology, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.; Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.; Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India.

DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2022.2035117

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MeSH Terms: Antigen-Presenting Cells, Autoimmune Diseases, Autoimmunity, Humans, Immune Tolerance, Immunosuppression Therapy, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory