In Vitro Cell Death Mechanisms Induced by Root Extract in Combination with ZnPcS Mediated-Photodynamic Therapy in A549 Lung Cancer Cells.

Globally, lung cancer has remained the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in men and women. To enhance photodynamic therapeutic effects in vitro, the present study was designed to reduce dose-dependence in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and evaluate the anticancer effects of () root extracts (i.e., chloroform (Chl), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and methanol (MeOH)) on A549 lung cancer cells. The most active extract of () was used to establish the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC), which was further used to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of in combination with ZnPcS-mediated PDT IC. The study further evaluated cell death mechanisms by cell viability/ cytotoxicity (LIVE/DEAD assay), flow cytometry (Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-propidium iodide (PI) staining), immunofluorescence (p38, p53, Bax, and caspase 3 expressions), and fluorometric multiplex assay (caspase 8 and 9) 24 h post-treatment with IC concentrations of ZnPcS-mediated PDT and MeOH root extract. Morphological changes were accompanied by a dose-dependent increase in cytotoxicity, decrease in viability, and proliferation in all experimental models. Apoptosis is the highly favored cell death mechanism observed in combination therapy groups. Apoptotic activities were supported by an increase in the number of dead cells in the LIVE/DEAD assay, and the upregulation of p38, p53, Bax, caspase 3, 8, and 9 apoptotic proteins. In vitro experiments confirmed the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of root extracts in monotherapy and in combination with ZnPcS-mediated PDT. Taken together, our findings demonstrated that could be a promising therapeutic candidate worth exploring in different types of cancer.