Co-occurrence of chronic kidney disease and glaucoma: Epidemiology and etiological mechanisms.

Harold Snieder, Ron T Gansevoort, Wei Liu, Ruru Guo, Dandan Huang, Jian Ji, Nomdo M Jansonius

Journal: Survey of ophthalmology 2022;68(1):1-16

PMID: 36088997

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Abstract

As the histology, physiology, and pathophysiology of eyes and kidneys show substantial overlap, it has been suggested that eye and kidney diseases, such as glaucoma and chronic kidney disease (CKD), may be closely interlinked. We review the relationship between CKD and various subtypes of glaucoma, including primary open-angle glaucoma, primary angle- closure glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma, pseudoexfoliation syndrome, and several glaucoma endophenotypes. We also discuss the underlying pathogenic mechanisms and common risk factors for CKD and glaucoma, including atherosclerosis, the renin-angiotensin system, genes and genetic polymorphisms, vitamin D deficiency, and erythropoietin. The prevalence of glaucoma appears elevated in CKD patients, and vice versa, and the literature points to many intriguing associations; however, the associations are not always confirmed, and sometimes apparently opposite observations are reported. Glaucoma and CKD are complex diseases, and their mutual influence is only partially understood.

Address: Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin Branch of National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Disease, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin, China.; Department of Ophthalmology, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China.; Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.; Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.; Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: [email protected].

DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2022.09.001