Ocular Toxoplasmosis.

Atul Arora, Vishali Gupta, Padmamalini Mahendradas, Ilaria Testi, Eunice Jin Hui Goh, Ikhwanuliman Putera, Rina La Distia Nora, Jyotirmay Biswas, Soon-Phaik Chee, Carlos E Pavesio, Andre Luiz Land Curi, Daniel Vitor Vasconcelos-Santos, Alejandra de-la-Torre, Rupesh Agrawal

Journal: Ocular immunology and inflammation 2023;31(7):1342-1361

PMID: 36095008

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Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Ocular toxoplasmosis is the leading cause of posterior uveitis worldwide, affecting individuals acrossdifferent age groups. The key to reducing vision loss includes prompt diagnosis and treatment. However, despite the prevalence of ocular toxoplasmosis, there has been little consensus regarding its pathophysiology,clinical features, diagnosis, and especially management.

METHODS

The data sources were literature reviews, including Pub Med and Medline databases. Search terms included toxoplasmosis, retinitis, vasculitis, vitritis, uveitis alone or in combination with, serum, aqueous, vitreous eye, ocular and review.

RESULTS

In this review paper, we have sought to provide an overview of the pathophysiology, epidemiology, and clinical features of the disease, both based on current literature and our own clinical experience. We have also discussed the use of serology, ocular fluid, and ophthalmic investigations that could further facilitate the diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis.Different management strategies have been reported worldwide, including newer approaches such as local therapy.

CONCLUSION

A better understanding of critical aspects of ocular toxoplasmosis will hopefully lead to reduced morbidity, including blindness associated with this condition.

Address: National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.; Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia - Cipto Mangunkusumo Kirana Eye Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia.; Department of Immunology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Uveitis and Ocular Immunology, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India.; Medical Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India.; Department of Ocular Inflammation and Immunology, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore.; Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.; Department of Ophthalmology, Advanced Eye Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.; Neuroscience Research Group (NEUROS), NeuroVitae Center, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia.; Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.; Infectious Ophthalmology Laboratory, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectious Diseases-FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.; Departamento de Oftalmologia e Otorrinolaringologia e Laboratório de Ciências Visuais, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; Hospital São Geraldo, Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, Singapore.; Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore.

DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2022.2117705

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MeSH Terms: Humans, Toxoplasmosis, Ocular, Eye, Uveitis, Uveitis, Posterior, Retinitis