Sodium as an Important Regulator of Immunometabolism.
Hidetaka Miyauchi, Sabrina Geisberger, Friedrich C Luft, Nicola Wilck, Johannes Stegbauer, Helge Wiig, Ralf Dechend, Jonathan Jantsch, Markus Kleinewietfeld, Stefan Kempa, Dominik N Müller
Journal: Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)
2024;81(3):426-435
PMID: 37675565
Abstract
Salt sensitivity concerns blood pressure alterations after a change in salt intake (sodium chloride). The heart is a pump, and vessels are tubes; sodium can affect both. A high salt intake increases cardiac output, promotes vascular dysfunction and capillary rarefaction, and chronically leads to increased systemic vascular resistance. More recent findings suggest that sodium also acts as an important second messenger regulating energy metabolism and cellular functions. Besides endothelial cells and fibroblasts, sodium also affects innate and adaptive immunometabolism, immune cell function, and influences certain microbes and microbiota-derived metabolites. We propose the idea that the definition of salt sensitivity should be expanded beyond high blood pressure to cellular and molecular salt sensitivity.
Address:
Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.).; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.).; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.).; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (H.M., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.).; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.).; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.).; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.).; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.).; Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.S.).; CARID, Cardiovascular Research Institute Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany (J.S.).; Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway (H.W.).; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany (H.M., S.G., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., S.K., D.N.M.).; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.).; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a joint cooperation of Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (H.M., F.C.L., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.).; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research, Partner Site Berlin, Germany (H.M., N.W., R.D., D.N.M.).; HELIOS Clinic, Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Berlin, Germany (R.D.).; Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg and University of Regensburg, Germany (J.J.).; Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Hygiene, and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University Hospital Cologne and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany (J.J.).; VIB Laboratory of Translational Immunomodulation, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium (M.K.).; Department of Immunology, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium (M.K.).; University Multiple Sclerosis Center, Hasselt University/Campus Diepenbeek, Belgium (M.K.).
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