Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) - revised recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). Part II: Attack therapy and long-term management.

Address: Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. [email protected].; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.; Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.; Department of Neurology, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.; Department of Neurology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.; Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Berlin, Germany.; NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.; Department of Neurology and Institute of Neuroimmunology and MS (INIMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.; Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.; Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.; Marianne-Strauß-Klinik, Behandlungszentrum Kempfenhausen für Multiple Sklerose Kranke, Berg, Germany.; Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.; Department of Neurology and Pain Treatment, Immanuel Klinik Rüdersdorf, University Hospital of the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany.; Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Rüdersdorf bei Berlin, Germany.; Department of Neurology & Stroke, University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.; Department of Neurology, Center for Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.; Department of Neurology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany.; APHM, Hopital de la Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France.; Aix Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France.; Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.; Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany. [email protected].