Effectiveness of multiple disease-modifying therapies in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: causal inference to emulate a multiarm randomised trial.

Address: CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Health and Biosecurity Unit, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital City Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.; CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Neurology, Center of Clinical Neuroscience, Charles University, Praha, Czech Republic.; General University Hospital in Prague, Praha, Czech Republic.; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania 'G.F. Ingrassia', Catania, Italy.; Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran (the Islamic Republic of).; Dokuz Eylul University, İzmir, Turkey.; Neurology, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, Spain.; Deptartment of Neuroscience, Imaging, and Clinical Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti and Pescara, Chieti, Italy.; UOSI Riabilitazione Sclerosi Multipla, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Amiri Hospital, Kuwait City, Kuwait.; CHUM MS Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.; Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.; School of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Samsun, Turkey.; KTU Medical Faculty Farabi Hospital, Trabzon, Turkey.; Neuro Rive-Sud, Greenfield Park, Quebec, Canada.; Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy.; CISSS de Chaudiere-Appalaches, Levis, Quebec, Canada.; Nehme and Therese Tohme Multiple Sclerosis Center, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon.; Department of Neurology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.; Department of Neurology, Koc Universitesi, Istanbul, Turkey.; Koc University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.; Department of Neurology, Zuyderland Medical Centre Sittard-Geleen, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands.; School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.; University of Newcastle Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.; Department of Neurology, John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.; Foundation National Neurological Institute C Mondino Institute for Hospitalization and Care Scientific, Pavia, Italy.; Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.; Ospedali Riuniti di Salerno, Salerno, Italy.; Department of Neurology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.; UOC Neurologia, Azienda Sanitaria Unica Regionale Marche - AV3, Macerata, Italy.; Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast, UK.; Department of Neurology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal.; Department of Neurology, ASL3 Genovese, Genova, Italy.; Department of Rehabilitaiton, Casa di Cura Centro di Recupero e Rieducazione Funzionale Mons Luigi Novarese, Moncrivello, Italy.; Research Center for Clinical Neuroimmunology and Neuroscience Basel (RC2NB) and MS Center, Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Head, Spine and Neuromedicine and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.; Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.; Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Gouda, The Netherlands.; UQCCR, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.; Nemocnice Jihlava, Jihlava, Czech Republic.; Department of Neurology, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Neurology, Galdakao-Usansolo Hospital, Galdakao, Spain.; Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.; Universitair Ziekenhuis Gent, Gent, Belgium.; Department of Neurology, Razi University Hospital, Tunis, Tunisia.; Department of Neurology, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.; Department of Neurology, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.; Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria Biodonostia, Hospital Universitario de Donostia, San Sebastian, Spain.; South and East Belfast Health and Social Services Trust, Belfast, UK.; Neurology, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain.; Department of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Seeb, Oman.; Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.; University Hospital Geelong, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Neurology, King Fahad Specialist Hospital-Dammam, Khobar, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Neurology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.; Department of Neurology, Hospital General de Alicante, Alicante, Spain.; Department of Neurology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran, Mexico City, Mexico.; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.; CORe, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia [email protected].; Neuroimmunology Centre, Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital City Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.