Salt and Water: A Review of Hypernatremia.

Niralee Patel, Dhwanil Patel, Samira S Farouk, Joshua L Rein

Journal: Advances in kidney disease and health 2023;30(2):102-109

PMID: 36868726

Full Text on Elsevier Science View on PubMed

Abstract

Serum sodium disorders are generally a marker of water balance in the body. Thus, hypernatremia is most often caused by an overall deficit of total body water. Other unique circumstances may lead to excess salt, without an impact on the body's total water volume. Hypernatremia is commonly acquired in both the hospital and community. As hypernatremia is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, treatment should be initiated promptly. In this review, we will discuss the pathophysiology and management of the main types of hypernatremia, which can be categorized as either a loss of water or gain of sodium that can be mediated by renal or extrarenal mechanisms.

Address: Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH.; Division of Nephrology, Overlook Medical Center, Summit, NJ.; Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.; Barbara T. Murphy Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY. Electronic address: [email protected].

DOI: 10.1053/j.akdh.2022.12.010

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MeSH Terms: Humans, Hypernatremia, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Water, Sodium