Sex Hormones and Cardiovascular Disease in Relation to Menopause.

Catherine Kim, Melissa Wellons

Journal: Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2023;52(2):195-210

PMID: 36948775

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Abstract

Natural menopause is defined as the cessation of menstruation among women who have not undergone hysterectomy or bilateral oophorectomy. The implications of menopause management are particularly important with the aging of the population and increasing awareness of the importance of midlife risk upon longevity. Our understanding of the relationships between reproductive milestones and cardiovascular disease continues to evolve particularly regarding shared determinants of health.

Address: Department of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 3841 Green Hills Village Dr #200, Nashville, TN 37215, USA.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2022.10.005

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MeSH Terms: Female, Humans, Cardiovascular Diseases, Menopause, Hysterectomy, Ovariectomy, Gonadal Steroid Hormones