The deciphering of the immune cells and marker signature in COVID-19 pathogenesis: An update.

Saade Abdalkareem Jasim, Roaa Salih Mahdi, Dmitry Olegovich Bokov, Mazin A A Najm, Guzal N Sobirova, Zarnigor O Bafoyeva, Ahmed Taifi, Ola Kamal A Alkadir, Yasser Fakri Mustafa, Rasoul Mirzaei, Sajad Karampoor

Journal: Journal of medical virology 2022;94(11):5128-5148

PMID: 35835586

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Abstract

The precise interaction between the immune system and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical in deciphering the pathogenesis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is also vital for developing novel therapeutic tools, including monoclonal antibodies, antivirals drugs, and vaccines. Viral infections need innate and adaptive immune reactions since the various immune components, such as neutrophils, macrophages, CD4 T, CD8 T, and B lymphocytes, play different roles in various infections. Consequently, the characterization of innate and adaptive immune reactions toward SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for defining the pathogenicity of COVID-19. In this study, we explain what is currently understood concerning the conventional immune reactions to SARS-CoV-2 infection to shed light on the protective and pathogenic role of immune response in this case. Also, in particular, we investigate the in-depth roles of other immune mediators, including neutrophil elastase, serum amyloid A, and syndecan, in the immunopathogenesis of COVID-19.

Address: Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar-Ramadi, Iraq.; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Babylon, Hilla, Iraq.; Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russian Federation.; Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russian Federation.; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Al-Ayen University, Thi-Qar, Iraq.; Department of Rehabilitation, Folk Medicine and Physical Education, Tashkent Medical Academy, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.; Al-Manara College For Medical Sciences, Iraq.; Al-Nisour University College, Baghdad, Iraq.; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq.; Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.; Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28000