Immune response in COVID-19: what is next?

Yichao Zhu, Yufang Shi, Gerry Melino, Tak Wah Mak, Alberto Mantovani, Rino Rappuoli, Joachim L Schultze, Eicke Latz, Emanuele Andreano, Felix Daniel Weiss, Sonia Melino, Jerome Estaquier, Mauro Piacentini, Giuseppe Ippolito, Qing Li, Chaobing Ma, Zubiao Niu, Fei Hua, Xiaozhou He, Peishan Li, Changshun Shao, Jingting Jiang, Liangyu Lin, Martin Herrmann, Jasmin Knopf, Qiang Sun, Ying Wang

Journal: Cell death and differentiation 2022;29(6):1107-1122

PMID: 35581387

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Abstract

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global pandemic for more than 2 years and it still impacts our daily lifestyle and quality in unprecedented ways. A better understanding of immunity and its regulation in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is urgently needed. Based on the current literature, we review here the various virus mutations and the evolving disease manifestations along with the alterations of immune responses with specific focuses on the innate immune response, neutrophil extracellular traps, humoral immunity, and cellular immunity. Different types of vaccines were compared and analyzed based on their unique properties to elicit specific immunity. Various therapeutic strategies such as antibody, anti-viral medications and inflammation control were discussed. We predict that with the available and continuously emerging new technologies, more powerful vaccines and administration schedules, more effective medications and better public health measures, the COVID-19 pandemic will be under control in the near future.

Address: The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China.; CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.; Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Research Unit of Cell Death Mechanism, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2021RU008, 20 Dongda Street, 100071, Beijing, China.; Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.; Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.; Ministry of Health, Rome, Italy.; Department of Biology, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy.; INSERM-U1124, Université Paris, Paris, France.; CHU de Québec - Université Laval Research Center, Québec City, QC, Canada.; Institute of Innate Immunity, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.; Research and Development Center, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Siena, Italy.; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany.; Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20072, Milan, Italy.; IRCCS Humanitas Clinical Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, 20089, Milan, Italy.; William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK.; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9, Canada.; Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, 999077, Hong Kong.; Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Bonn, Germany. [email protected].; Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy. [email protected].; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University/The First People's Hospital of Changzhou, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Institutes for Translational Medicine of Soochow University, Medical College, Suzhou, China. [email protected].; CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences/Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. [email protected].; Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133, Rome, Italy. [email protected].

DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01015-x