Collaborative learning of weakly-supervised domain adaptation for diabetic retinopathy grading on retinal images.

Early detection and treatment of diabetic retinopathy (DR) can significantly reduce the risk of vision loss in patients. In essence, we are faced with two challenges: (i) how to simultaneously achieve domain adaptation from the different domains and (ii) how to build an interpretable multi-instance learning (MIL) on the target domain in an end-to-end framework. In this paper, we address these issues and propose a unified weakly-supervised domain adaptation framework, which consists of three components: domain adaptation, instance progressive discriminator and multi-instance learning with attention. The method models the relationship between the patches and images in the target domain with a multi-instance learning scheme and an attention mechanism. Meanwhile, it incorporates all available information from both source and target domains for a jointly learning strategy. We validate the performance of the proposed framework for DR grading on the Messidor dataset and the large-scale Eyepacs dataset. The experimental results demonstrate that it achieves an average accuracy of 0.949 (95% CI 0.931-0.958)/0.764 (95% CI 0.755-0.772) and an average AUC value of 0.958 (95% CI 0.945-0.962)/0.749 (95% CI 0.732-0.761) for binary-class/multi-class classification tasks on the Messidor dataset. Moreover, the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 0.887 and a quadratic weighted kappa score value of 0.860 on the Eyepacs dataset, outperforming the state-of-the-art approaches. Comprehensive experiments confirm the effectiveness of the approach in terms of both grading performance and interpretability. The source code is available at https://github.com/HouQingshan/WAD-Net.

Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.