Epidemiology of Male Hypogonadism.

Arthi Thirumalai, Bradley D Anawalt

Journal: Endocrinology and metabolism clinics of North America 2022;51(1):1-27

PMID: 35216709

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Abstract

The epidemiology of male hypogonadism has been understudied. Of the known causes of endogenous androgen deficiency, only Klinefelter syndrome is common with a likely population prevalence of greater than 5:10,000 men (possibly as high as 10-25:10,000). Mild traumatic injury might also be a common cause of androgen deficiency (prevalence 5-10:10,000 men), but large, long-term studies must be completed to confirm this prevalence estimation that might be too high. The classic causes of male androgen deficiency-hyperprolactinemia, pituitary macroadenoma, endogenous Cushing syndrome, and iron overload syndrome-are rare (prevalence < 10,000 men).

Address: Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356420, 1959 Northeast Pacific Avenue, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Box 356420, 1959 Northeast Pacific Avenue, Seattle, WA 98195, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].

DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2021.11.016

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MeSH Terms: Humans, Hypogonadism, Male, Pituitary Neoplasms, Prevalence, Testosterone