Exudative versus Nonexudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Physiopathology and Treatment Options.

Aleksandra Zielińska, Ana Rita Fernandes, Elena Sanchez-Lopez, Tiago Dos Santos, Maria Luisa Garcia, Amelia M Silva, Jacek Karczewski, Eliana B Souto

Journal: International journal of molecular sciences 2022;23(5):2592

PMID: 35269743

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Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is an eye disease typically associated with the aging and can be classified into two types-namely, the exudative and the nonexudative AMD. Currently available treatments for exudative AMD use intravitreal injections, which are associated with high risk of infection that can lead to endophthalmitis, while no successful treatments yet exist for the nonexudative form of AMD. In addition to the pharmacologic therapies administered by intravitreal injection already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in exudative AMD, there are some laser treatments approved that can be used in combination with the pharmacological therapies. In this review, we discuss the latest developments of treatment options for AMD. Relevant literature available from 1993 was used, which included original articles and reviews available in PubMed database and also information collected from Clinical Trials Gov website using "age-related macular degeneration" and "antiangiogenic therapies" as keywords. The clinical trials search was limited to ongoing trials from 2015 to date.

Address: i3s-Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, University of Porto, R. Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.; INEB-Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Porto, Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.; FEUP-Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.; Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.; Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08001 Barcelona, Spain.; Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.; Department of Environmental Medicine, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-479 Poznań, Poland.; Department of Gastroenterology, Dietetics and Internal Diseases, H. Swiecicki University Hospital, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-355 Poznań, Poland.; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.; LABBELS-Associate Laboratory, 4800-122 Braga, Portugal.

DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052592

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MeSH Terms: Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Geographic Atrophy, Humans, Intravitreal Injections, Macular Degeneration