Toward higher-performance bionic limbs for wider clinical use.

Address: Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK. [email protected].; Department of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.; Center for Extreme Bionics, Biomechatronics Group, MIT Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Orthopaedics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Ottobock Products SE & Co. KGaA, Vienna, Austria.; Ottobock SE & Co. KGaA, Duderstadt, Germany.; Center for Bionic Medicine, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Medical Engineering & Neuroprosthetics, Fraunhofer-Institut für Biomedizinische Technik, Sulzbach, Germany.; NCSU/UNC Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.; University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.; Department of Research and Development, Össur Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.; Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.; School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland.; The Biorobotics Institute and Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy.; Department of Excellence in Robotics and AI, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy.; Bertarelli Foundation Chair in Translational NeuroEngineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics and Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.; Laboratory for Biomedical Microtechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-IMTEK, BrainLinks-BrainTools Center and Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.; Clinical Laboratory for Bionic Extremity Reconstruction, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.; Case School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Louis Stokes Veterans Affairs Medical Centre, Cleveland, OH, USA.; Biomechatronics Development Laboratory, Bioengineering Department, University of Colorado Denver and VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, CO, USA.