Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts.

Michael A Garland, Kurt Reynolds, Chengji J Zhou

Journal: Birth defects research 2021;112(19):1660-1698

PMID: 33125192

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Abstract

Orofacial clefts (OFCs) are among the most common birth defects and impart a significant burden on afflicted individuals and their families. It is increasingly understood that many nonsyndromic OFCs are a consequence of extrinsic factors, genetic susceptibilities, and interactions of the two. Therefore, understanding the environmental mechanisms of OFCs is important in the prevention of future cases. This review examines the molecular mechanisms associated with environmental factors that either protect against or increase the risk of OFCs. We focus on essential metabolic pathways, environmental signaling mechanisms, detoxification pathways, behavioral risk factors, and biological hazards that may disrupt orofacial development.

Address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.; Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.; Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California, USA.

DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1830

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MeSH Terms: Brain, Cleft Lip, Cleft Palate, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Risk Factors