Neuromodulation: Deep Brain Stimulation for Treatment of Dystonia.

Nicholas Dietz, Joseph Neimat

Journal: Neurosurgery clinics of North America 2019;30(2):161-168

PMID: 30898268

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Abstract

Dystonia is a heterogeneous, hyperkinetic movement disorder with sustained or intermittent abnormal postures, hyperkinetic muscle contractions, or repetitive movements. Classification of dystonia involves 2 axes: axis I and axis II, defining relevant clinical features and etiology, respectively. Medical therapy varies based on subtype and includes intramuscular botulinum toxin injections and oral anticholinergic pharmaceuticals. Deep brain stimulation became widely incorporated in 1999 after several landmark studies and has been effectively used in targets of the thalamus, pallidum, and subthalamic nucleus. New insights into pathophysiology of dystonia and genetic analysis continue to guide surgical technique toward ever-effective treatment.

Address: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 200 Abraham Flexner Highway, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.; Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, School of Medicine, 200 Abraham Flexner Highway, Louisville, KY 40202, USA. Electronic address: [email protected].

DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2018.12.001

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MeSH Terms: Deep Brain Stimulation, Dystonic Disorders, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Subthalamic Nucleus, Thalamus, Treatment Outcome