Neuroendocrinology of Adipose Tissue and Gut-Brain Axis.

Food intake and energy expenditure are closely regulated by several mechanisms which involve peripheral organs and nervous system, in order to maintain energy homeostasis.Short-term and long-term signals express the size and composition of ingested nutrients and the amount of body fat, respectively. Ingested nutrients trigger mechanical forces and gastrointestinal peptide secretion which provide signals to the brain through neuronal and endocrine pathways. Pancreatic hormones also play a role in energy balance exerting a short-acting control regulating the start, end, and composition of a meal. In addition, insulin and leptin derived from adipose tissue are involved in long-acting adiposity signals and regulate body weigh as well as the amount of energy stored as fat over time.This chapter focuses on the gastrointestinal-, pancreatic-, and adipose tissue-derived signals which are integrated in selective orexigenic and anorexigenic brain areas that, in turn, regulate food intake, energy expenditure, and peripheral metabolism.