Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants and Their Metabolites in Indoor Dust from Homes and Microenvironments.

Wei Wang, Alexandros G Asimakopoulos, Khalid O Abualnaja, Adrian Covaci, Bondi Gevao, Boris Johnson-Restrepo, Taha A Kumosani, Govindan Malarvannan, Tu Binh Minh, Hyo-Bang Moon, Haruhiko Nakata, Ravindra K Sinha, Kurunthachalam Kannan

Journal: Environmental science & technology 2016;50(1):428-34

PMID: 26629709

Full Text on American Chemical Society View on PubMed

Abstract

Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs), including 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT), are extensively used in food, cosmetic and plastic industries. Nevertheless, limited information is available on human exposures, other than the dietary sources, to SPAs. In this study, occurrence of 9 SPAs and their metabolites/degradation products was determined in 339 indoor dust collected from 12 countries. BHT was found in 99.5% of indoor dust samples from homes and microenvironments at concentrations that ranged from < LOQ to 118 μg/g and 0.10 to 3460 μg/g, respectively. This is the first study to measure BHT metabolites in house dust (0.01-35.1 μg/g) and their concentrations accounted for 9.2-58% of the sum concentrations (∑SPAs). 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxymethyl)phenol (BHT-OH), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) were the major derivatives of BHT found in dust samples. The concentrations of gallic acid esters (gallates) in dust from homes and microenvironments ranged from < LOQ to 18.2 and < LOQ to 684 μg/g, respectively. The concentrations and profiles of SPAs varied among countries and microenvironments. Significantly elevated concentrations of SPAs were found in dust from an e-waste workshop (1530 μg/g). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of BHT via house dust ingestion ranged from 0.40 to 222 ng/kg/d (95th percentile).

Address: Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.; Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp , Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk-Antwerp, Belgium.; Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research , P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait.; Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena , Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia.; Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi , 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam.; Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University , Ansan, South Korea.; Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University , 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan.; Department of Zoology, Patna University , Patna 800 005, India.; Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, New York 12201-0509, United States.; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04826

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https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b04826

MeSH Terms: Antioxidants, Benzaldehydes, Butylated Hydroxytoluene, Dust, Environmental Pollutants, Gallic Acid, Phenols, Residence Characteristics