Immune evasion in cancer: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic strategies.

Dass S Vinay, Elizabeth P Ryan, Graham Pawelec, Wamidh H Talib, John Stagg, Eyad Elkord, Terry Lichtor, William K Decker, Richard L Whelan, H M C Shantha Kumara, Emanuela Signori, Kanya Honoki, Alexandros G Georgakilas, Amr Amin, William G Helferich, Chandra S Boosani, Gunjan Guha, Maria Rosa Ciriolo, Sophie Chen, Sulma I Mohammed, Asfar S Azmi, W Nicol Keith, Alan Bilsland, Dipita Bhakta, Dorota Halicka, Hiromasa Fujii, Katia Aquilano, S Salman Ashraf, Somaira Nowsheen, Xujuan Yang, Beom K Choi, Byoung S Kwon

Journal: Seminars in cancer biology 2016;35 Suppl():S185-S198

PMID: 25818339

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Abstract

Cancer immune evasion is a major stumbling block in designing effective anticancer therapeutic strategies. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding how cancers evade destructive immunity, measures to counteract tumor escape have not kept pace. There are a number of factors that contribute to tumor persistence despite having a normal host immune system. Immune editing is one of the key aspects why tumors evade surveillance causing the tumors to lie dormant in patients for years through "equilibrium" and "senescence" before re-emerging. In addition, tumors exploit several immunological processes such as targeting the regulatory T cell function or their secretions, antigen presentation, modifying the production of immune suppressive mediators, tolerance and immune deviation. Besides these, tumor heterogeneity and metastasis also play a critical role in tumor growth. A number of potential targets like promoting Th1, NK cell, γδ T cell responses, inhibiting Treg functionality, induction of IL-12, use of drugs including phytochemicals have been designed to counter tumor progression with much success. Some natural agents and phytochemicals merit further study. For example, use of certain key polysaccharide components from mushrooms and plants have shown to possess therapeutic impact on tumor-imposed genetic instability, anti-growth signaling, replicative immortality, dysregulated metabolism etc. In this review, we will discuss the advances made toward understanding the basis of cancer immune evasion and summarize the efficacy of various therapeutic measures and targets that have been developed or are being investigated to enhance tumor rejection.

Address: Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States.; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.; Center for Medical Research, University of Tübingen, Tubingen, Germany.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan.; Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Faculté de Pharmacie et Institut du Cancer de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.; College of Medicine & Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; Department of Neurosurgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States.; Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.; Department of Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, New York, NY, United States.; CNR, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, Rome, Italy.; Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan.; Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece.; Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt.; University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.; Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States.; School of Chemical and Bio Technology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.; Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.; Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom.; Purdue University Cancer for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States.; Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.; University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom.; New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.; Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.; Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.; Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea.; Section of Clinical Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, United States; Cancer Immunology Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea. Electronic address: [email protected].

DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.004

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MeSH Terms: Antigen Presentation, Carcinogenesis, Humans, Immune Evasion, Immune Tolerance, Neoplasms, Phytochemicals, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Tumor Escape