Genomics of Clostridium botulinum group III strains.

Yoshihiko Sakaguchi, Tomonori Suzuki, Yumiko Yamamoto, Atsushi Nishikawa, Keiji Oguma

Journal: Research in microbiology 2016;166(4):318-25

PMID: 25111022

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Abstract

In Clostridium botulinum, the characteristics of type C and D strains are quite different from other types, and they are classified as group III. They produce C2 binary toxin and C3 exoenzyme in addition to type C and D neurotoxins. Two different phages and many plasmids are identified in the organisms. The genes of neurotoxin and C3 exoenzyme are converted from toxigenic strains to non-toxigenic strains by the specific bacteriophages (phages), whereas, the C2 toxin gene is carried by large or small plasmids. Classification of type C and D strains has been in confusion because 1) antigenicity of type C and D neurotoxins is complex, 2) the cells produce two types of toxins, neurotoxin and C2 toxin, and 3) some non-toxigenic strains can be converted to produce C or D neurotoxin by the infection with phages. Until now, entire nucleotide sequences of cell chromosomes, phages, and plasmids have been determined. Since both genetic and protein-chemical analyses have been clarifying the above confusions, these data are reviewed historically.

Address: Interdisciplinary Research Organization, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadainishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].; Faculty of Applied Biosciences, Department of Nutritional Science and Food Safety, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].; Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-3-5 Shikata-cyo, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].; Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].; Department of Bacteriology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-3-5 Shikata-cyo, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan; Hakodate Internal Medicine-Hospital, 24-5 Hanazono-cyo, Hakodate 041-0843, Japan. Electronic address: [email protected].

DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2014.07.016

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MeSH Terms: Bacteriophages, Botulinum Toxins, Clostridium botulinum, Genome, Bacterial, Genomics, Genotype, Plasmids, Protein Processing, Post-Translational