Independent and combined effects of eating rate and energy density on energy intake, appetite, and gut hormones.

Andrew J Young, Jennifer C Rood, Scott J Montain, J Philip Karl

Journal: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.) 2013;21(3):E244-52

PMID: 23592679

Abstract

OBJECTIVE

Energy density (ED) and eating rate (ER) influence energy intake; their combined effects on intake and on postprandial pancreatic and gut hormone responses are undetermined. To determine the combined effects of ED and ER manipulation on voluntary food intake, subjective appetite, and postprandial pancreatic and gut hormone responses.

DESIGN AND METHODS

Twenty nonobese volunteers each consumed high (1.6 kcal g(-1) ; HED) and low (1.2 kcal g(-1) ; LED) ED breakfasts slowly (20 g min(-1) ; SR) and quickly (80 g min(-1) ; FR) ad libitum to satiation. Appetite, and pancreatic and gut hormone concentrations were measured periodically over 3 h. Ad libitum energy intake during the subsequent lunch was then measured.

RESULTS

Main effects of ED and ER on energy intake and a main effect of ER, but not ED, on mass of food consumed were observed, FR and HED being associated with increased intake (P < 0.05). Across all conditions, energy intake was highest during FR-HED (P ≤ 0.01). Area under the curve (AUC) of appetite ratings was not different between meals. Main effects of ED and ER on insulin, peptide-YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1 AUC (P < 0.05) were observed, FR and HED being associated with larger AUC. No effects on active or total ghrelin AUC were documented. Total energy intake over both meals was highest during the FR-HED trial with the greatest difference between FR-HED and SR-LED trials (P ≤ 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Consuming an energy dense meal quickly compounds independent effects of ER and ED on energy intake. Energy compensation at the following meal may not occur despite altered gut hormone responses.

Address: Military Nutrition Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, USA. [email protected]

DOI: 10.1002/oby.20075

Link outs

Free resources

Full Text Sources:

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.20...

Medical:

https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=AREA%5BRefe...

Other Literature Sources:

https://scite.ai/reports/23592679

Miscellaneous:

https://assays.cancer.gov/CPTAC-43

Research Materials:

https://antibodies.cancer.gov/detail/CPTC-SNCG-3

MeSH Terms: Adolescent, Adult, Appetite, Area Under Curve, Blood Glucose, Body Mass Index, Breakfast, Cross-Over Studies, Dietary Carbohydrates, Dietary Fats, Dietary Fiber, Dietary Proteins, Eating, Energy Intake, Female, Gastrointestinal Hormones, Ghrelin, Glucagon-Like Peptide 1, Humans, Insulin, Male, Middle Aged, Motor Activity, Pancreatic Hormones, Peptide YY, Postprandial Period, Satiation, Young Adult