Etiology and medical management of urinary stone disease.

Urinary lithiasis is a worldwide very frequent disease, but its etiology is most frequently unclear. Calcium stones are predominant. The metabolic evaluation of urinary lithiasis may be difficult and inconclusive, but it can guide a specific treatment. Medical treatment depends on the nature of stone and the metabolic disease that might be found. The goal of this article is to simplify and summarize the etiopathology, metabolic evaluation and medical treatment of urinary stone disease.