Second international consensus report on gaps and opportunities for the clinical translation of precision diabetes medicine.

Address: Division of Preventative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Rosie Hospital, Cambridge, UK.; NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.; Departments of Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.; Department of Molecular Genetics, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.; Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA.; Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.; Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Barcelona, Spain.; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.; Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ, USA.; University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.; Research Center, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Center, Montreal, Quebec, Quebec, Canada.; Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.; Division of Population Health & Genomics, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.; Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.; Helsinki University Hospital, Abdominal Centre/Endocrinology, Helsinki, Finland.; Folkhalsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.; Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.; Asia Diabetes Foundation, Hong Kong SAR, China.; Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.; Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.; Department of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Metabolic Disease Unit, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy.; Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.; Department of Orthopedics, Zuyderland Medical Center, Sittard-Geleen, The Netherlands.; Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Ciccarone Center for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.; Section of Academic Primary Care, US Department of Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, CO, USA.; Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.; Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.; Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.; Children and Youth Clinic, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.; Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.; Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.; Hong Kong Institute of Diabetes and Obesity, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.; Children's Nutrition Research Center, USDA/ARS, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.; Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.; Department of Diabetology, APHP, Paris, France.; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, NutriOmic team, Paris, France.; Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.; Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.; Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK.; Lifecourse Epidemiology of Adiposity and Diabetes (LEAD) Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Riley Hospital for Children, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Richard L. Roudebush VAMC, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Biomedical Research Institute Girona, IdIBGi, Girona, Spain.; Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition Unit Girona, University Hospital Dr Josep Trueta, Girona, Spain.; Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY, USA.; University of California at San Francisco, Department of Pediatrics, Diabetes Center, San Francisco, CA, USA.; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.; Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Public Health and Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Department of Medicine & Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.; Laboratory for Molecular Epidemiology in Diabetes, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.; Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Sanford Children's Hospital, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.; University of South Dakota School of Medicine, E Clark St, Vermillion, SD, USA.; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.; Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA.; Department of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.; Royal Devon University Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.; Adelaide Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.; Center for Translational Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Pathology & Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Science, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark.; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.; Center for Public Health Genomics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.; Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.; Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinologyó, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; School of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.; Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Sanford Children's Specialty Clinic, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.; Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Centre for Physical Activity Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Institute for Sports and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.; Division of Preventative Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; AMAN Hospital, Doha, Qatar.; Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Preventive Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.; Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.; Divsion of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.; Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.; Center for Interventional Immunology, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.; Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.; Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.; Institute of Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM), Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany.; University Hospital of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.; Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.; University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.; Sections on Genetics and Epidemiology, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.; Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.; Gastroenterology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Clinical and Experimental Endocrinologyó, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.; Sorbonne University, Inserm U938, Saint-Antoine Research Centre, Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, Paris, France.; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reproductive Endocrinology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Saint-Antoine University Hospital, National Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity (PRISIS), Paris, France.; Royal Melbourne Hospital Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.; University of Melbourne Department of Medicine, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.; Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.; Department of Epidemiology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, India.; Department of Women and Children's Health, King's College London, London, UK.; Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.; School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.; Institut Cochin, Inserm U 10116, Paris, France.; Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, APHP Centre, Université de Paris, Paris, France.; Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.; Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.; Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Unit, IRCCS-Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.; Department of Medical Genetics, AP-HP Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France.; Global Center for Asian Women's Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.; Kaiser Permanente Northern California Division of Research, Oakland, CA, USA.; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Clinical and Organizational Development, Chicago, IL, USA.; American Diabetes Association, Arlington, VA, USA.; College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.; Global Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.; Department of Medicine and Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Population Health Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; School of Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.; Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, Diabetes, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.; Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.; Department of Endocrinology, Wexford General Hospital, Wexford, Ireland.; Division of Endocrinology, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Skokie, IL, USA.; Department of Medicine, Prtizker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Programs in Metabolism and Medical & Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; Department of Genetics, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.; Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.; Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine and Kovler Diabetes Center, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.; Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.; University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA.; Diabetes Unit, Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA.; Department of Medicine, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Department of Pediatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.; Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.; Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.; Division of General Internal Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.; Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA.; Division of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK.; Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.; Department of Diabetology, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation & Dr. Mohan's Diabetes Specialities Centre, Chennai, India.; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.; Auckland Diabetes Centre, Te Whatu Ora Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.; Medical Bariatric Service, Te Whatu Ora Counties, Health New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand.; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.; University of Cambridge, Metabolic Research Laboratories and MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK.; Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.; AdventHealth Translational Research Institute, Orlando, FL, USA.; Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.; Division of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.; Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.; Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.; Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.; Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, Portland, OR, USA.; Clinial Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.; Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.; Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA. [email protected].; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden. [email protected].; Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. [email protected].; Department of Translational Medicine, Medical Science, Novo Nordisk Foundation, Hellerup, Denmark. [email protected].