Cross-talk between statins and PPARalpha in cardiovascular diseases: clinical evidence and basic mechanisms.

Although a change in lifestyle is the first choice in controlling cardiovascular risk, lipid-lowering drugs are effective in normalizing different forms of atherogenic dyslipidemia. Although statins are a class of drugs which primarily lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, fibrates decrease triglycerides, normalize the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol profile, and increase high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. As lipids are important determinants for cardiovascular diseases, these drugs reduce cardiovascular morbidity. However, a number of recent studies indicate that, in addition to their lipid-normalizing activities, statins and fibrates exhibit pleiotropic actions, such as inhibit inflammation, improve endothelial function, suppress the production of reactive oxygen species, etc. Statins are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, whereas fibrates are activators of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha). The similarity between the pleiotropic effects of statins and fibrates is remarkable and suggests a mechanistic link between these two classes of drugs. Here we discuss recent data on the cross-talk between statins and PPARalpha agonists and the mechanisms behind these actions.