An updated review on pathogenic coronaviruses (CoVs) amid the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants: A look into the repercussions and possible solutions.

Nabiha A Bouafia, Manish Dhawan, Manish Sharma, Mona A Al Fares, Ali Bayahya, Khadija H Al-Abdulali, Batool Mohammed Abu Ali, Ali H Alhaddad, Hatem M Alhani, Abeer M AlBaadani, Abdulrahman M Alsulaiman, Mohammed Alissa, Nawal A Al Kaabi, Hayam A Alrasheed, Maha F Al-Subaie, Mohammed Abdulrahman Alshahrani, Maha Fahad Alenazy, Wadha A Alfouzan, Ali A Rabaan, Nanamika Thakur, Faryal Khamis, Ahmad A Alshehri

Journal: Journal of infection and public health 2023;16(11):1870-1883

PMID: 37839310

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Abstract

SARS-CoV-2, responsible for COVID-19, shares 79% and 50% of its identity with SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, respectively. It uses the same main cell attachment and entry receptor as SARS-CoV-1, which is the ACE-2 receptor. However, key residues in the receptor-binding domain of its S-protein seem to give it a stronger affinity for the receptor and a better ability to hide from the host immune system. Like SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, cytokine storms in critically ill COVID-19 patients cause ARDS, neurological pathology, multiorgan failure, and increased death. Though many issues remain, the global research effort and lessons from SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV are hopeful. The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants and subvariants raised serious concerns among the scientific community amid the emergence of other viral diseases like monkeypox and Marburg virus, which are major concerns for healthcare settings worldwide. Hence, an updated review on the comparative analysis of various coronaviruses (CoVs) has been developed, which highlights the evolution of CoVs and their repercussions.

Address: Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan. Electronic address: [email protected].; Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid university hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh 4545, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran 61441, Saudi Arabia.; College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia; Research Center, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Riyadh 13328, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infectious Diseases, Dr. Sulaiman Alhabib Medical Group, Riyadh 13328, Saudi Arabia.; Department of pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia; Pharmacy Department, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.; Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, Abu Dhabi Health Services Company (SEHA), Abu Dhabi, 51900, United Arab Emirates; College of Medicine and Health Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi 127788, United Arab Emirates.; University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India.; Infection prevention and control centre of Excellence, Prince Sultan Medical Military City, Riyadh 12233, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia.; Laboratory Department, Almostaqbal Medical Laboratories, Riyadh 12546, Saudi Arabia.; Internal Medicine Department, Infectious Disease Division, London health science Center, London, Ontario N6G0X2, Canada.; Department of Pediatric Infectious Disease, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia; Department of Infection Control, Maternity and Children Hospital, Dammam 31176, Saudi Arabia; Preventive Medicine and Infection Prevention and Control Department, Directorate of Ministry of Health, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia.; Assistant Agency for Hospital Affairs, Ministry of Health, Riyadh 12382, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait; Microbiology Unit, Department of Laboratories, Farwania Hospital, Farwania 85000, Kuwait.; Infectious disease section, Department of internal medicine, King Fahad Hospital Hofuf, Hofuf 36365, Saudi Arabia.; Nursing Department, Home health care, Qatif Health Network, Qatif 31911, Saudi Arabia.; Infection Diseases unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Royal Hospital, Muscat 1331, Oman.; Microbiology Department, Alqunfudah General Hospital, Alqunfudah 28813, Saudi Arabia.; Department of Internal Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia. Electronic address: [email protected].; Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India; Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK. Electronic address: [email protected].

DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.09.004