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1.
Integration of sudden death syndrome resistance loci in the soybean genome.
Chang, HX, Roth, MG, Wang, D, Cianzio, SR, Lightfoot, DA, Hartman, GL, Chilvers, MI
TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik. 2018;(4):757-773
Abstract
Complexity and inconsistencies in resistance mapping publications of soybean sudden death syndrome (SDS) result in interpretation difficulty. This review integrates SDS mapping literature and proposes a new nomenclature system for reproducible SDS resistance loci. Soybean resistance to sudden death syndrome (SDS) is composed of foliar resistance to phytotoxins and root resistance to pathogen invasion. There are more than 80 quantitative trait loci (QTL) and dozens of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with soybean resistance to SDS. The validity of these QTL and SNPs is questionable because of the complexity in phenotyping methodologies, the disease synergism between SDS and soybean cyst nematode (SCN), the variability from the interactions between soybean genotypes and environments, and the inconsistencies in the QTL nomenclature. This review organizes SDS mapping results and proposes the Rfv (resistance to Fusarium virguliforme) nomenclature based on supporting criteria described in the text. Among ten reproducible loci receiving our Rfv nomenclature, Rfv18-01 is mostly supported by field studies and it co-localizes to the SCN resistance locus rhg1. The possibility that Rfv18-01 is a pleiotropic resistance locus and the concern about Rfv18-01 being confounded with Rhg1 is discussed. On the other hand, Rfv06-01, Rfv06-02, Rfv09-01, Rfv13-01, and Rfv16-01 were identified both by screening soybean leaves against phytotoxic culture filtrates and by evaluating SDS severity in fields. Future phenotyping using leaf- and root-specific resistance screening methodologies may improve the precision of SDS resistance, and advanced genetic studies may further clarify the interactions among soybean genotypes, F. virguliforme, SCN, and environments. The review provides a summary of the SDS resistance literature and proposes a framework for communicating SDS resistance loci for future research considering molecular interactions and genetic breeding for soybean SDS resistance.
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2.
Maintenance of Lost Weight and Long-Term Management of Obesity.
Hall, KD, Kahan, S
The Medical clinics of North America. 2018;(1):183-197
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Abstract
Weight loss can be achieved through a variety of modalities, but long-term maintenance of lost weight is much more challenging. Obesity interventions typically result in early weight loss followed by a weight plateau and progressive regain. This review describes current understanding of the biological, behavioral, and environmental factors driving this near-ubiquitous body weight trajectory and the implications for long-term weight management. Treatment of obesity requires ongoing clinical attention and weight maintenance-specific counseling to support sustainable healthful behaviors and positive weight regulation.
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ER-Mitochondria Microdomains in Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury: A Fresh Perspective.
Zhou, H, Wang, S, Hu, S, Chen, Y, Ren, J
Frontiers in physiology. 2018;:755
Abstract
The mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis is pivotal to the maintenance of an array of physiological processes. The physical contact and association between ER and mitochondria, known as the ER-mitochondria microdomains or mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM), temporally and spatially regulates the mitochondria/ER structure and function. More evidence suggests a role for MAMs in energy production, cellular contraction and mobility, and normal extracellular signal transmission. In pathological states, such as cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R injury), this ER-mitochondria microdomains may act to participate in the cellular redox imbalance, ER stress, mitochondrial injury, energy deletion, and programmed cell death. From a therapeutic perspective, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of the pathogenic ER-mitochondria contact should help to identify potential therapeutic target for cardiac I/R injury and other cardiovascular diseases and also pave the road to new treatment modalities pertinent for the treatment of reperfusion damage in clinical practice. This review will mainly focus on the possible signaling pathways involved in the regulation of the ER-mitochondria contact. In particular, we will summarize the downstream signaling modalities influenced by ER-mitochondria microdomains, for example, mitochondrial fission, mitophagy, calcium balance, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death in details.
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Arterial Stiffness: A Prognostic Marker in Coronary Heart Disease. Available Methods and Clinical Application.
Bonarjee, VVS
Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine. 2018;:64
Abstract
Multiple biomarkers may predict short and long-term prognosis in patients with coronary heart disease, but their impact is limited when used in addition to established risk factors such blood pressure, cholesterol levels, diabetes mellitus, smoking as well as age and sex. Arteries are an integral part of the cardiovascular (CV) system. Arterial stiffness has been shown to be a predictor of cardiovascular events and mortality independent of traditional risk factors. It has also been shown that increased arterial stiffness may predict cardiovascular events in asymptomatic individuals without overt cardiovascular disease. Measuring arterial stiffness may, therefore, identify patients at risk at an early stage. Antihypertensive treatment has been shown to reduce arterial stiffness beyond its antihypertensive effect. Arterial stiffness could, therefore, be a surrogate marker of treatment that relates to prognosis. Arterial stiffness has mostly been used in research protocols, and its use as a prognostic indicator in clinical practice is still uncommon. Several methods exist that can determine parameters related to arterial stiffness, both local and in specific artery beds such as the aorta. In this brief review we present methods to evaluate arterial stiffness, their clinical utility, limitations and the advantages of a novel method, the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index. Easier and more reproducible methods to evaluate arterial stiffness may increase the use of parameter as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in common clinical practice.
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A new look at dietary fibers in metabolic syndrome.
Onuchina, EV
Terapevticheskii arkhiv. 2018;(4):85-90
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of factors associated with high risk of initiation of cardiovascular diseases, of diabetes of the 2nd type, total and cardiovascular mortality. The prevalence of MS in the general population averages 10-25%, varying depending on the region of the world from 3 to 71.7%. Two recent large meta-analysis found an inverse relationship between risk of MS and consumption of dietary fiber. Great prospects have dietary fiber for the maintenance of individual MS components. The review of modern literature presents cohort studies and randomized controlled trials, including generalized meta-analyses and systematic reviews, indicating the impact of soluble high-viscosity gel-forming, non-fermentable dietary fiber-psyllium on the weight of visceral fat, achieving metabolic control, including correction of disorders of carbohydrate, lipid, purine metabolism and regulation of blood pressure.
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Idiopathic infratentorial superficial siderosis of the central nervous system: case report and review of literature.
Stabile, A, Di Lazzaro, V, Colosimo, C, Piazza, F, Ferrarese, C, DiFrancesco, JC
Neurologia i neurochirurgia polska. 2018;(1):102-106
Abstract
The superficial siderosis (SS) of the central nervous system (CNS) is a rare condition characterized by a wide range of neurological manifestations directly linked to an acquired iron-mediated neurodegeneration. First described more than 100 years ago, only recently SS has been divided into two distinct entities, according to the distribution of iron deposition in the CNS: cortical superficial siderosis (cSS) and infratentorial superficial siderosis (iSS). Here we describe an adult case of iSS, with detailed clinical and radiological features. Moreover, we extensively review the literature of SS, particularly focusing on the pathogenesis, clinical-radiological classification, diagnostic algorithm and treatment options of this rare condition.
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Health Outcomes for Children in Haiti Since the 2010 Earthquake: A Systematic Review.
Dube, A, Moffatt, M, Davison, C, Bartels, S
Prehospital and disaster medicine. 2018;(1):77-88
Abstract
BACKGROUND Haiti remains the poorest country in the Americas and one of the poorest in the world. Children in Haiti face many health concerns, some of which were exacerbated by the 2010 earthquake. This systematic review summarizes published research conducted since the 2010 earthquake, focusing on health outcomes for children in Haiti, including physical, psychological, and socioeconomic well-being. METHODS A literature search was conducted identifying articles published from January 2010 through May 2016 related to pediatric health outcomes in Haiti. Two reviewers screened articles independently. Included research articles described at least one physical health, psychological health, or socioeconomic outcome among children less than 18 years of age in Haiti since the January 2010 earthquake. RESULTS Fifty-eight full-length research articles were reviewed, covering infectious diseases (non-cholera [N=12] and cholera [N=7]), nutrition (N=11), traumatic injuries (N=11), mental health (N=9), anemia (N=4), abuse and violence (N=5), and other topics (N=3). Many children were injured in the 2010 earthquake, and care of their injuries is described in the literature. Infectious diseases were a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among children following the earthquake, with cholera being one of the most important etiologies. The literature also revealed that large numbers of children in Haiti have significant symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), peri-traumatic stress, depression, and anxiety, and that food insecurity and malnutrition continue to be important issues. CONCLUSIONS Future health programs in Haiti should focus on provision of clean water, sanitation, and other measures to prevent infectious diseases. Mental health programming and services for children also appear to be greatly needed, and food insecurity/malnutrition must be addressed if children are to lead healthy, productive lives. Given the burden of injury after the 2010 earthquake, further research on long-term disabilities among children in Haiti is needed. Dube A , Moffatt M , Davison C , Bartels S . Health outcomes for children in Haiti since the 2010 earthquake: a systematic review. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(1):77-88.
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A consensus statement on lipid management after acute coronary syndrome.
Schiele, F, Farnier, M, Krempf, M, Bruckert, E, Ferrières, J, ,
European heart journal. Acute cardiovascular care. 2018;(6):532-543
Abstract
In patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the guidelines of the European Society of Cardiology give a Class I, Level A recommendation for the prescription of high-intensity statins to be initiated as early as possible, regardless of the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level. Although statins are widely prescribed after ACS, the intensity of therapy and the proportion of patients achieving target LDL-C values are often not in line with recommendations due to a lack of compliance with guidelines by the physicians, a lack of compliance with treatment or poor tolerance by patients, and poor dose adaptation. In this context, a group of French physicians came together to define strategies to facilitate and improve the management of lipid-lowering therapy after ACS. This paper outlines the scientific rationale for the use of statins at the acute phase of ACS, the utility of ezetimibe, the measurement of LDL-C during the course of ACS, the opportunities for detecting familial hypercholesterolaemia and the results of the consensus for the management of lipid-lowering therapy, illustrated in two decision-making algorithms.
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9.
The Role of Sirtuins in Antioxidant and Redox Signaling.
Singh, CK, Chhabra, G, Ndiaye, MA, Garcia-Peterson, LM, Mack, NJ, Ahmad, N
Antioxidants & redox signaling. 2018;(8):643-661
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Antioxidant and redox signaling (ARS) events are regulated by critical molecules that modulate antioxidants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) or reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and/or oxidative stress within the cell. Imbalances in these molecules can disturb cellular functions to become pathogenic. Sirtuins serve as important regulators of ARS in cells. Recent Advances: Sirtuins (SIRTs 1-7) are a family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent histone deacetylases with the ability to deacetylate histone and nonhistone targets. Recent studies show that sirtuins modulate the regulation of a variety of cellular processes associated with ARS. SIRT1, SIRT3, and SIRT5 protect the cell from ROS, and SIRT2, SIRT6, and SIRT7 modulate key oxidative stress genes and mechanisms. Interestingly, SIRT4 has been shown to induce ROS production and has antioxidative roles as well. CRITICAL ISSUES A complete understanding of the roles of sirtuins in redox homeostasis of the cell is very important to understand the normal functioning as well as pathological manifestations. In this review, we have provided a critical discussion on the role of sirtuins in the regulation of ARS. We have also discussed mechanistic interactions among different sirtuins. Indeed, a complete understanding of sirtuin biology could be critical at multiple fronts. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Sirtuins are emerging to be important in normal mammalian physiology and in a variety of oxidative stress-mediated pathological situations. Studies are needed to dissect the mechanisms of sirtuins in maintaining redox homeostasis. Efforts are also required to assess the targetability of sirtuins in the management of redox-regulated diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 643-661.
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10.
Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy.
Kindgen-Milles, D, Brandenburger, T, Dimski, T
Current opinion in critical care. 2018;(6):450-454
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The delivery of an effective dialysis dose in continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) depends on adequate anticoagulation of the extracorporeal circuit. In most patients, either systemic heparin anticoagulation (SHA) or regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is used. This review will outline the basics and rationale of RCA and summarize data on safety and efficacy of both techniques. RECENT FINDINGS The basic principle of RCA is to reduce the level of ionized calcium in the extracorporeal circuit via infusion of citrate. This way, effective anticoagulation restricted to the extracorporeal circuit is achieved. SHA and RCA were compared in a variety of studies. RCA significantly prolonged filter lifetime, reduced bleeding complications and provided excellent control of uremia and acid-base status. RCA was also safe in the majority of patients with impaired liver function, whereas caution must be exerted in those with severe multiorgan failure and persistent hyperlactatemia. SUMMARY RCA per se is safe and effective for anticoagulation of CRRT. Compared to SHA, efficacy of anticoagulation is improved and adverse effects are reduced. RCA can be recommended as the anticoagulation mode of choice for CRRT in most ICU patients.