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Soy isoflavones improve cardiovascular disease risk markers in women during the early menopause.
Sathyapalan, T, Aye, M, Rigby, AS, Thatcher, NJ, Dargham, SR, Kilpatrick, ES, Atkin, SL
Nutrition, metabolism, and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD. 2018;(7):691-697
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hormone replacement therapy may be beneficial for cardiovascular disease risk (CVR) in post-menopausal women. Soy isoflavones may act as selective estrogen receptor modulators. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether soy isoflavones had an effect on CVR markers. METHODS The expected 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality were calculated as a secondary endpoint from a double blind randomised parallel study involving 200 women (mean age 55 years, Caucasian, Hull, UK, 2012) in the early menopause who were randomised to 15 g soy protein with 66 mg isoflavone (SPI) or 15 g soy protein alone (depleted of all isoflavones; SP) given as a snack bar between meals daily for 6 months. Age, diabetes, smoking, blood pressure and lipid profiles were used to calculate CVR using the Framingham CVR engine. RESULTS SPI treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the metabolic parameters and systolic blood pressure compared to SP (p < 0.01). There were no changes in fasting lipid profile and diastolic blood pressure with either treatment. At 6 months, changes in these parameters with SPI treatment were reflected in a calculated 27% (p < 0.01) reduction in 10 year coronary heart disease risk, a 37% (p < 0.01) reduction in myocardial infarction risk, a 24% (p < 0.04) reduction in cardiovascular disease and 42% (p < 0.02) reduction in cardiovascular disease death risk. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with soy protein with isoflavones for 6 months significantly improved CVR markers and calculated CVR at 6 months during early menopause compared to soy protein without isoflavones. ISRCTN REGISTRY ISRCTN34051237.
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Development and Characterization of a Soybean Experimental Line Lacking the α' Subunit of β-Conglycinin and G1, G2, and G4 Glycinin.
Song, B, Oehrle, NW, Liu, S, Krishnan, HB
Journal of agricultural and food chemistry. 2018;(2):432-439
Abstract
A soybean experimental line (BSH-3) devoid of a subset of seed storage proteins was developed by crossing a mutant donor line "HS99B" with a Chinese cultivar "Dongnong47" (DN47). One-dimensional and high-resolution 2-D gel electrophoresis revealed the absence of G1 (A1aB2), G2 (A2B1a), and G4 (A5A4B3) glycinin and the α' subunit of β-conglycinin in BSH-3 seeds. Despite the lack of these abundant seed proteins, BSH-3 seeds still accumulated 38% protein. BSH-3 seeds also accumulated high levels of free amino acids as compared with DN47 seeds, particularly arginine, and the amount of several essential amino acids were significantly elevated in BSH-3 seeds. Elevated accumulation of α and β-subunit of β-conglycinin, G5 glycinin, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, and Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor indicates seed proteome rebalancing in BSH-3 seeds. Immunoblot analysis using sera from soybean allergic patients demonstrated the complete lack of a major allergen (α' subunit of β-conglycinin) in BSH-3 seeds. However, elevated levels of other allergens were found in BSH-3 seeds due to proteome rebalancing. Transmission electron microscopy observation of mature seeds of BSH-3 revealed striking differences in the appearance of the protein storage vacuoles when compared with DN47.
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Nitrogen balance after a single oral consumption of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volúbilis L.) protein compared to soy protein: a randomized study in humans.
Gonzales, GF, Tello, J, Zevallos-Concha, A, Baquerizo, L, Caballero, L
Toxicology mechanisms and methods. 2018;(2):140-147
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Abstract
Sacha inchi is a seed produced in the Peruvian Amazonian and its oil is recognized by the lowering lipids effect in humans. The remaining material transformed to flour has a higher amount of protein, but, the nitrogen balance once ingested orally has not been studied. The present study was designed to evaluate the nitrogen balance after single consumption of 30 g of sacha inchi flour and compared with that obtained after consumption of 30 g soybean flour in adult men and women. This was a double-blind cohort study in 15 men and 15 women between 18 and 55 years old. Fifteen subjects received soy meal and 15 subjects received sacha inchi meal. Group receiving sacha inchi flour has comparable initial parameters as those receiving soybean flour (p > 0.05). Blood samples at different times were obtained. Urine for 24 h was collected to calculate nitrogen balance, p < 0.05 was considered significant. Plasma insulin levels increased post-prandial with a peak at 30 min. Thereafter, a reduction occurred. The magnitude of changes in insulin levels was similar in sacha inchi and soybean groups (p < 0.05). Lipid profile and inflammatory marker, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL6) was not different at 0 or 24 h after sacha inchi or soy flour administration. The nitrogen balance was negative in the study but similar between both groups (p > 0.05). In conclusion, protein consumption of sacha inchi flour has the same nitrogen balance as soybean flour, shows acceptability for a single consumption and does not present serious adverse effects.
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The effect of isolated soy protein adjunctive with flaxseed oil on markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, acute phase proteins, and wound healing of burn patients; a randomized clinical trial.
Babajafari, S, Akhlaghi, M, Mazloomi, SM, Ayaz, M, Noorafshan, A, Jafari, P, Hojhabrimanesh, A
Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries. 2018;(1):140-149
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective was to determine the effect of isolated soy protein (ISP) and flaxseed oil (FO) on inflammatory and oxidative stress indices, acute phase proteins, and wound healing of burn patients. METHODS One hundred eighty-eight patients were assessed for eligibility in this randomized controlled trial. Of these, seventy-three eligible patients (total burn surface area 20-50%) were randomly assigned to 3 isocaloric groups, labeled as control (wheat flour+corn oil (CO)), ISP+FO, and ISP+CO, to receive these nutrients for 3 weeks. We used intention to treat analysis to overcome bias. Because of the large perturbation in water compartments, patients received nutrients from 4th to 25th day of admission. Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ferritin, albumin, and transferrin were measured. The wound area was evaluated by stereological test. RESULTS During the 3-week intervention, hs-CRP (-19.4±5.6, -11.7±4.7μg/ml) and ferritin (-83.8±20.5, -80.1±19.6ng/ml) levels changes significantly reduced compared to the control group (P<0.05). MDA level (-0.05±0.21μmol/l) significantly decreased in group A (P<0/05) but was not significant in groups B and control (P>0.05). Albumin level (0.59±0.14, 0.30±0.12g/dl) significantly increased in group A compared to the control group (P<0.05), but no significant relationship was found between other groups (P>0.05). Transferrin level (4.9±3.6, 2.9±5.1g/dl) significantly increased in ISP groups compared to the control (P<0.05). SOD improved in all groups with no significant difference between them (P>0.05). The stereology examination showed significant improvement in wound healing in the ISP groups on days 22 and 25 compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Nutritional supplements with ISP may attenuate post-burn oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to improved wound healing in burn patients. Flaxseed oil may not exert a beneficial effect over the ISP.
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Efficacy and tolerability of magnesium plus protein for managing hypomagnesemia in pediatric kidney transplant patients.
Lewis, TV, Neely, S, Turman, MA
Pediatric transplantation. 2018;(4):e13170
Abstract
We sought to investigate whether magnesium oxide bound to soy protein (MGP) increases serum magnesium concentrations with less diarrhea compared to commonly prescribed magnesium salts. Subjects were switched to MGP at a near-equivalent daily elemental magnesium dose. Mean serum magnesium levels were compared. If magnesium levels remained <1.7 mg/dL after switching to MGP, subjects were enrolled into Part 2 and received a one-time MGP dose adjustment. The MGP daily dose was increased by 266 mg. For both parts 1 and 2, subjects recorded the number and quality of their stools to assess gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability of MGP. Twelve pediatric kidney transplant recipients completed Part 1. Mean serum magnesium levels increased from 1.61 (SD 0.1) on standard MG to 1.69 (SD 0.1); t(11) = 2.6, P = .02 on MGP. Five subjects completed Part 2, and all achieved serum magnesium ≥1.7 mg/dL (mean 1.75 mg/dL, SD 0.06; t(4) = 2.7, P = .06). Subjects reported the same number of, but looser bowel movements with MGP; however, individuals did not perceive intolerable GI symptoms with MGP therapy and all chose to remain on MGP at the end of the study. At an equivalent mg/kg/d dose of elemental magnesium, serum magnesium levels on MGP were significantly higher.
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Molecular mapping and genomics of soybean seed protein: a review and perspective for the future.
Patil, G, Mian, R, Vuong, T, Pantalone, V, Song, Q, Chen, P, Shannon, GJ, Carter, TC, Nguyen, HT
TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik. 2017;(10):1975-1991
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Genetic improvement of soybean protein meal is a complex process because of negative correlation with oil, yield, and temperature. This review describes the progress in mapping and genomics, identifies knowledge gaps, and highlights the need of integrated approaches. Meal protein derived from soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] seed is the primary source of protein in poultry and livestock feed. Protein is a key factor that determines the nutritional and economical value of soybean. Genetic improvement of soybean seed protein content is highly desirable, and major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for soybean protein have been detected and repeatedly mapped on chromosomes (Chr.) 20 (LG-I), and 15 (LG-E). However, practical breeding progress is challenging because of seed protein content's negative genetic correlation with seed yield, other seed components such as oil and sucrose, and interaction with environmental effects such as temperature during seed development. In this review, we discuss rate-limiting factors related to soybean protein content and nutritional quality, and potential control factors regulating seed storage protein. In addition, we describe advances in next-generation sequencing technologies for precise detection of natural variants and their integration with conventional and high-throughput genotyping technologies. A syntenic analysis of QTL on Chr. 15 and 20 was performed. Finally, we discuss comprehensive approaches for integrating protein and amino acid QTL, genome-wide association studies, whole-genome resequencing, and transcriptome data to accelerate identification of genomic hot spots for allele introgression and soybean meal protein improvement.
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Protein blend ingestion before allogeneic stem cell transplantation improves protein-energy malnutrition in patients with leukemia.
Ren, G, Zhang, J, Li, M, Yi, S, Xie, J, Zhang, H, Wang, J
Nutrition research (New York, N.Y.). 2017;:68-77
Abstract
Severe protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and skeletal muscle wasting are commonly observed in patients with acute leukemia. Recently, the ingestion of a soy-whey protein blend has been shown to promote muscle protein synthesis (MPS). Thus, we tested the hypothesis that the ingestion of a soy-whey blended protein (BP) may improve the PEM status and muscle mass in acute leukemia patients. In total, 24 patients from the same treatment group were randomly assigned to the natural diet plus soy-whey blended protein (BP) group and the natural diet only (ND) group. Our data showed that protein and energy intake decreased significantly (P < .05) after transplantation in both groups. In the absence of the BP intervention, dramatic decreases in muscle-related indicators (i.e., anthropometric variables, muscle strength and serum protein) were observed in the majority (>50%) of the patients. However, 66% of the patients who ingested the BP before transplantation showed obvious increases in arm muscle area. The gripping power value (△post-pre or △post-baseline) was significantly higher in the BP group than in the ND group (P < .05). The ingestion of the BP also increased the levels of serum albumin, globulin and serum total protein to different extents. Notably, the average time to stem cell engraftment was significantly shorter for patients in the BP group (12.2 ± 2.0 days) than for patients in the ND group (15.1 ± 2.9 days). Collectively, our data supported that soy-whey protein can improve PEM status and muscle mass in leukemia patients.
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Anabolic effects of leucine-rich whey protein, carbohydrate, and soy protein with and without β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) during fasting-induced catabolism: A human randomized crossover trial.
Rittig, N, Bach, E, Thomsen, HH, Møller, AB, Hansen, J, Johannsen, M, Jensen, E, Serena, A, Jørgensen, JO, Richelsen, B, et al
Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland). 2017;(3):697-705
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protein-rich beverages are widely used clinically to preserve muscle protein and improve physical performance. Beverages with high contents of leucine or its keto-metabolite β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) are especially anabolic in muscle, but it is uncertain whether this also applies to catabolic conditions such as fasting and whether common or separate intracellular signaling cascades are involved. OBJECTIVE To compare a specific leucine-rich whey protein beverage (LWH) with isocaloric carbohydrate- (CHO), soy protein (SOY), and soy protein +3 g HMB (HMB) during fasting-induced catabolic conditions. DESIGN Eight healthy lean male subjects underwent four interventions (LWH, CHO, SOY, and HMB) using a randomized crossover design. Each trial included a 36 h fast and consisted of a 3 h basal fasting period and a 4 h 'sipping' period. RESULTS Forearm net balances of phenylalanine (NBphe, measure of net protein loss) improved for all groups (p < 0.05), but more prominently so for LWH and HMB compared with SOY (p < 0.05). Muscle protein phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its downstream targets eukaryotic translation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) and ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6) were distinctly increased during LWH consumption (p < 0.05). The ratio between autophagy protein microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain-3β II and I (LC3II/LC3I, a measure of autophagy activity) was decreased during LWH and SOY intake compared with the fasting period (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION LWH and HMB have superior anabolic effects on muscle protein kinetics after 36 h of fasting, and LWH distinctly activates the mTOR pathway. These novel findings suggest that leucine-rich whey protein and/or HMB are specifically beneficial during fasting-induced catabolic conditions.
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Effect of Soy in Men With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Subclinical Hypogonadism: A Randomized Controlled Study.
Sathyapalan, T, Rigby, AS, Bhasin, S, Thatcher, NJ, Kilpatrick, ES, Atkin, SL
The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2017;(2):425-433
Abstract
CONTEXT Isoflavones found in soy products have a chemical structure similar to estrogen, leading to concerns of an adverse estrogenic effect in men, particularly in those with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who have low testosterone levels due to hypogonadism. OBJECTIVE The primary outcome was change in total testosterone levels. The secondary outcomes were the changes in glycemia and cardiovascular risk markers. DESIGN This was a randomized double-blind parallel study. SETTING This study occurred in a secondary care setting in United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS Two hundred men with T2DM and a total testosterone level ≤12 nmol/L were included. INTERVENTION Fifteen grams of soy protein with 66 mg of isoflavones (SPI) or 15 g soy protein alone without isoflavones (SP) daily as snack bars for 3 months were administered. RESULTS There was no change in either total testosterone or in absolute free testosterone levels with either SPI or SP. There was an increase in thyrotropin (TSH) and reduction in free thyroxine (fT4; P < 0.01) after SPI supplementation. Glycemic control improved with a significant reduction in hemoglobin A1c (-4.19 [7.29] mmol/mol, P < 0.01) and homeostasis model of assessment - insulin resistance after SPI. Cardiovascular risk improved with a reduction in triglycerides, C-reactive protein, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP; P < 0.05) with SPI vs SP supplementation. There was a 6% improvement in 10-year coronary heart disease risk after 3 months of SPI supplementation. Endothelial function improved with both SPI and SP supplementation (P < 0.01), with an increased reactive hyperemia index that was greater for the SPI group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Testosterone levels were unchanged and there was a substantial improvement in glycaemia and cardiovascular risk markers with SPI compared with SP alone over 3 months. There was also a substantial increase in TSH and a reduction in fT4.
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Soy Reduces Bone Turnover Markers in Women During Early Menopause: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Sathyapalan, T, Aye, M, Rigby, AS, Fraser, WD, Thatcher, NJ, Kilpatrick, ES, Atkin, SL
Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2017;(1):157-164
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Menopausal estrogen loss leads to an increased bone loss. Soy isoflavones can act as selective estrogen receptor modulators, their role in bone turnover is unclear. The primary outcome was assessing changes in plasma bone turnover markers. The secondary outcomes were assessing changes in cardiovascular risk markers including insulin resistance, blood pressure, and lipid profile. We performed a double-blind randomized parallel study in which 200 women within 2 years after the onset of their menopause were randomized to 15 g soy protein with 66 mg isoflavone (SPI) or 15 g soy protein alone (SP), daily for 6 months. There was a significant reduction in type I collagen crosslinked beta C-telopeptide (βCTX) (bone-resorption marker) with SPI supplementation (0.40 ± 0.17 versus 0.15 ± 0.09 μg/L; p < 0.01) compared to SP supplementation (0.35 ± 0.12 versus 0.35 ± 0.13 μg/L; p = 0.92) after 6 months. There was also a significant reduction in type I procollagen-N-propeptide (P1NP) (bone formation marker) with SPI supplementation (50.5 ± 25.0 versus 34.3 ± 17.6 μg/L; p < 0.01), more marked between 3 and 6 months. Following SPI there was a significant reduction in fasting glucose, fasting insulin, insulin resistance, and systolic blood pressure whereas no significant changes in these parameters was observed with SP. There were no significant changes in fasting lipid profile and diastolic blood pressure with either preparation. There was a significant increase in TSH and reduction in free thyroxine (p < 0.01) with SPI supplementation though free tri-iodothyronine was unchanged. In conclusion, soy protein with isoflavones may confer a beneficial effect on bone health, analogous to the mode of action of antiresorptive agents, albeit to a less magnitude. There was a significant improvement of cardiovascular risk markers, but a significant increase in TSH and reduction in free thyroxine after SPI supplementation indicating a detrimental effect on thyroid function. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.