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1.
Hypoxic Training Improves Normoxic Glucose Tolerance in Adolescents with Obesity.
DE Groote, E, Britto, FA, Bullock, L, François, M, DE Buck, C, Nielens, H, Deldicque, L
Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2018;(11):2200-2208
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to test whether environmental hypoxia could potentiate the effects of exercise training on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. METHODS Fourteen adolescents with obesity were assigned to 6 wk of exercise training either in normoxic or in hypoxic conditions (FiO2 15%). Adolescents trained three times per week for 50-60 min, including endurance and resistance exercises. Oral glucose tolerance test, blood and morphological analyses, and physical performance tests were performed before and after the training period. RESULTS After training, hypoxia, but not normoxia, decreased the area under the curve of plasma insulin (-49%; P = 0.001) and glucose levels (-14%; P = 0.005) during oral glucose tolerance test. Decreased plasma triglycerides levels (P = 0.03) and increased maximal aerobic power (P = 0.002), work capacity at 160 bpm (P = 0.002), and carbohydrate consumption during exercise (P = 0.03) were measured only in the hypoxic group. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic exercise training was particularly efficient at improving glucose tolerance and insulin response to a glucose challenge in adolescents with obesity. These results suggest that exercise training in hypoxia could be an interesting strategy against insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes development in adolescents with obesity.
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2.
Combined resistance and aerobic exercise training reduces insulin resistance and central adiposity in adolescent girls who are obese: randomized clinical trial.
Bharath, LP, Choi, WW, Cho, JM, Skobodzinski, AA, Wong, A, Sweeney, TE, Park, SY
European journal of applied physiology. 2018;(8):1653-1660
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Exercise training is recommended for improving health and protecting against the development of metabolic and cardiovascular pathologies. Combined resistance and aerobic exercise training (CRAE) has been shown to provide unique benefits in older adults with cardiovascular diseases. PURPOSE We sought to determine the beneficial effects of CRAE in adolescent girls who are obese and hyperinsulinemic. METHODS Forty adolescent girls who are obese (age 14.7 ± 1 years; BMI 30 ± 2) were randomly assigned to a "no exercise" (CON n = 20) or combined exercise group (EX n = 20). The EX group performed resistance and aerobic exercise for 12 weeks, 5 times per week. Exercise intensity was increased gradually, from 40 to 70% of heart rate reserve (HRR), every 4 weeks. The brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (BaPWV), blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), blood leptin, adiponectin levels, and body composition were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. RESULTS We observed that CRAE effectively reduced the body fat percentage, body weight, and waist circumference in the EX group (p < 0.05). After 12 weeks of training, subjects in the CRAE group maintained appropriate leptin and adiponectin levels and showed positive improvements of blood insulin, glucose, and insulin resistance parameters relative to baseline and to the CON group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION CRAE is a useful therapeutic method to alleviate metabolic risk factors in adolescent girls who are obese and hyperinsulinemic.
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3.
Different Patterns in Muscular Strength and Hypertrophy Adaptations in Untrained Individuals Undergoing Nonperiodized and Periodized Strength Regimens.
De Souza, EO, Tricoli, V, Rauch, J, Alvarez, MR, Laurentino, G, Aihara, AY, Cardoso, FN, Roschel, H, Ugrinowitsch, C
Journal of strength and conditioning research. 2018;(5):1238-1244
Abstract
De Souza, EO, Tricoli, V, Rauch, J, Alvarez, MR, Laurentino, G, Aihara, AY, Cardoso, FN, Roschel, H, and Ugrinowitsch, C. Different patterns in muscular strength and hypertrophy adaptations in untrained individuals undergoing non-periodized and periodized strength regimens. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1238-1244, 2018-This study investigated the effects of nonperiodized (NP), traditional periodization (TP), and daily undulating periodization (UP) regimens on muscle strength and hypertrophy in untrained individuals. Thirty-three recreationally active males were randomly divided into 4 groups: NP: n = 8; TP: n = 9; UP: n = 8, and control group (C): n = 8. Experimental groups underwent a 12-week strength training program consisting of 2 sessions per week. Muscle strength and quadriceps cross-sectional area (QCSA) were assessed at baseline, 6 weeks (i.e., mid-point) and after 12 weeks. All training groups increased squat 1RM from pre to 6 weeks mid (NP: 17.02%, TP: 7.7%, and UP: 12.9%, p ≤ 0.002) and pre to post 12 weeks (NP: 19.5%, TP: 17.9%, and UP: 20.4%, p ≤ 0.0001). Traditional periodization was the only group that increased squat 1RM from 6 weeks mid to 12-week period (9.4%, p ≤ 0.008). All training groups increased QCSA from pre to 6 weeks mid (NP: 5.1%, TP: 4.6%, and UP: 5.3%, p ≤ 0.0006) and from pre to post 12 weeks (NP: 8.1%, TP: 11.3%, and UP: 8.7%, p ≤ 0.0001). From 6 weeks mid to 12-week period, TP and UP were the only groups that increased QCSA (6.4 and 3.7%, p ≤ 0.02). There were no significant changes for all dependent variables in C group across the time (p ≥ 0.05). In conclusion, our results demonstrated similar training-induced adaptations after 12 weeks of NP and periodized regimens. However, our findings suggest that in the latter half of the study (i.e., after the initial 6 weeks), the periodized regimens elicited greater rates of muscular adaptations compared with NP regimens. Strength coaches and practitioners should be aware that periodized regimens might be advantageous at latter stages of training even for untrained individuals.
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4.
[Effect of aerobic exercise and resistance exercise in improving non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial].
Jia, GY, Han, T, Gao, L, Wang, L, Wang, SC, Yang, L, Zhang, J, Guan, YY, Yan, NN, Yu, HY, et al
Zhonghua gan zang bing za zhi = Zhonghua ganzangbing zazhi = Chinese journal of hepatology. 2018;(1):34-41
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the effect of dietary control combined with different exercise modes on plasma vaspin, irisin, and metabolic parameters in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through a randomized open parallel-controlled study. Methods: The patients aged 30-65 years who visited Tianjin Third Central Hospital from January 2013 to December 2014 and were diagnosed with NAFLD by liver ultrasound and fat content determination were screening, and 474 patients were enrolled in this randomized controlled trial and divided into aerobic exercise group, resistance exercise group, and control group. All patients received dietary intervention. The three groups were compared in terms of biochemical parameters, fat content, NFS score, energy metabolic parameters, body composition index, and levels of vaspin and irisin at baseline and after 6 months of intervention. SPSS 19.0 was used for statistical analysis. The t-test, the Mann-Whitney U test, the chi-square test, and an analysis of variance were used for comparison between groups. The multiple imputation method was used for missing data, and the results were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. Results: There were no significant differences in age, sex, anthropometrical parameters, and biochemical parameters between the three groups at baseline. Compared with dietary control alone, aerobic exercise and resistance exercise helped to achieve significant reductions in waist circumference, diastolic pressure, percentage of body fat, volatile fatty acid, fasting blood glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, free fatty acid, uric acid, alanine aminotransferase, and liver fat content after 6 months of intervention (P < 0.05). The aerobic exercise group had a significant increase in non-protein respiratory quotient and significant reductions in body mass index and aspartate aminotransferase after intervention, as well as a significant increase in resting energy expenditure and significant reductions in abdominal fat ratio and total cholesterol after 6 months of resistance exercise (P < 0.05). The aerobic exercise group and the resistance exercise group had a significant reduction in vaspin and a significant increase in irisin after intervention (P < 0.05), and the resistance exercise group had significantly greater changes in these two adipokines than the aerobic exercise group (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Exercise therapy is an effective method for the treatment of metabolism-associated diseases, and a combination of resistance and aerobic exercises is more reasonable and effective in clinical practice. As a relatively safe exercise mode, resistance exercise can also effectively improve the metabolic state of NAFLD patients.
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Changes in HDL-c concentrations after 16 weeks of combined training in postmenopausal women: characteristics of positive and negative responders.
Diniz, TA, Rossi, FE, Fortaleza, ACS, Neves, LM, Christofaro, DGD, Buonani, C, Lira, FS, Campos, EZ, Prado, WLD, Freitas, IF
Applied physiology, nutrition, and metabolism = Physiologie appliquee, nutrition et metabolisme. 2018;(1):38-44
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the individual characteristics of body composition and metabolic profile that could explain interindividual variation in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) concentrations in response to 16 weeks of combined strength plus aerobic (combined) training in postmenopausal women. The participants were divided into tertiles based on percentage of changes in HDL-c concentrations after combined training. Only women in the upper tertile (positive responders: Δ > 10.4%; n = 19) and lower tertile (negative responders: Δ < -1.4%; n = 19) were considered for analyses. The total body fat (BF), trunk fat (TF), android fat (AF), gynoid fat, and lean body mass were estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The metabolic profile - glucose, triacylglycerol, total cholesterol, HDL-c, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) - were assessed. After 16 weeks, both positive and negative responders presented similar improvement in body composition, such as a decrease in percentage and kilograms of BF, TF, and AF, and increase in lean body mass (p value for time < 0.05). As expected, there was an effect of time and also a significant interaction (time vs. group) (p value < 0.001) in the improvement of HDL-c, with higher values for positive responders. Regarding metabolic profile, there were significant interactions (time vs. group) for triacylglycerol (p value = 0.032) and VLDL (p value = 0.027) concentrations, with lower values for positive responders. Our results suggests there is heterogeneity in combined training-induced HDL-c changes in postmenopausal women, and the positive responders were those who presented more pronounced decreases in triacylglycerol and VLDL concentrations.
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Attenuated strength gains during prolonged resistance exercise training in older adults with high inflammatory status.
Hangelbroek, RWJ, Knuiman, P, Tieland, M, de Groot, LCPGM
Experimental gerontology. 2018;:154-158
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic systemic low grade inflammation is associated with the age-related loss of muscle mass. Resistance exercise has been suggested to reduce or lower chronic systemic low grade inflammation. However, systemic chronic low-grade inflammation may adversely affect the adaptive response to exercise training. We investigated the effect of resistance exercise training on systemic chronic low-grade inflammation in older adults. In addition, we studied the association between systemic chronic low-grade inflammation and the adaptive response to exercise training. DESIGN/SETTING/PARTICIPANTS Frail and pre-frail older adults (61 subjects) performed 24 weeks of progressive resistance exercise training. Frailty was assessed using the Fried frailty criteria. MEASUREMENTS Lean body mass (DXA), strength (1RM), circulating levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α were measured prior to exercise training, after 12 weeks of training, and after 24 weeks of training. RESULTS Prolonged progressive resistance exercise training did not affect circulating levels of IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α. However, exercise training led to a small but significant increase of 0.052 pg/mL in IL-1β. Higher circulating levels of TNF-α, IL-8 and IL-6 during the training period were negatively associated with strength gains for the leg press. A doubling of plasma TNF-α, IL-8 or IL-6 resulted in reduced strength gains for leg press with coefficients of -3.52, -3.42 and -1.54 respectively. High levels of circulating TNF-α were also associated with decreased strength gains for the leg extension (coefficient -1.50). Inflammatory cytokines did not appear to have an effect on gains in lean mass. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that increased levels of plasma cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-8) are associated with lower strength gains during resistance exercise training.
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7.
Effects of Single Set Resistance Training With Different Frequencies on a Cellular Health Indicator in Older Women.
Ribeiro, AS, Nascimento, MA, Schoenfeld, BJ, Nunes, JP, Aguiar, AF, Cavalcante, EF, Silva, AM, Sardinha, LB, Fleck, SJ, Cyrino, ES
Journal of aging and physical activity. 2018;(4):537-543
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to compare the effects of resistance training (RT) performed two versus three times per week on phase angle (a cellular health indicator) in older women. A total of 39 women (69.1 ± 5.5 years) were randomly assigned to perform a RT program two (G2X) or three (G3X) days per week for 12 weeks. The RT was a whole-body program (eight exercises, one set, 10-15 repetitions). Phase angle, resistance, reactance, and total body water were assessed by bioimpedance spectroscopy. Intracellular water, reactance, and phase angle increased significantly in G2X (2.1%, 3.0%, and 5.6%, respectively) and G3X (5.0%, 6.9%, and 10.3%, respectively) from pretraining to posttraining, with no significant difference between groups. Bioimpedance resistance decreased similarly in both groups (G2X = -1.7% vs. G3X = -3.2%). We conclude that a single set RT program with a frequency of 2 days per week may be sufficient to promote an improvement in cellular health in older women.
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8.
Pre-Sleep Consumption of Casein and Whey Protein: Effects on Morning Metabolism and Resistance Exercise Performance in Active Women.
Madzima, TA, Melanson, JT, Black, JR, Nepocatych, S
Nutrients. 2018;(9)
Abstract
Consuming milk proteins (casein (CP) and whey (WP)) at night before sleep has been shown to positively influence next morning resting metabolic rate (RMR). No data exist regarding the effect of pre-sleep consumption of CP and WP on the ability to perform resistance exercise (RE) the following morning. The present study compared the effects of low (24 g) and high (48 g) doses of CP and WP and a non-energetic placebo (PLA) consumed 30 min before sleep on morning RMR, and RE performance. Nine active women participated in this randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Next morning RMR was measured via indirect calorimetry. RE was performed on six machines for 2 sets of 10 repetitions, and a 3rd set to failure at 60% of one-repetition maximum to calculate RE volume (weight lifted × sets × repetitions). Magnitude based inferences were used. Compared to the PLA, 48 g CP had a likely increase in RMR (4.0 ± 4.8%) and possibly trivial (1.1 ± 7.0%) effect on RE volume. There were no clear effects of 24 g CP, 24 g and 48 g of WP on RMR and RE volume. In conclusion, 48 g CP elicited favorable changes in morning RMR, with only trivial changes in RE performance.
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9.
Aerodynamic, Electroglottographic, and Acoustic Outcomes after Tube Phonation in Water in Elderly Subjects.
Guzman, M, Saldivar, P, Pérez, R, Muñoz, D
Folia phoniatrica et logopaedica : official organ of the International Association of Logopedics and Phoniatrics (IALP). 2018;(3-4):149-155
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed at observing the influence of tube phonation into water on objective voice characteristics in elderly subjects. METHODS Thirty elderly subjects with presbyphonia were randomly assigned to one of two voice exercise groups: (1) voice exercises with water resistance therapy at 4 and 8 cm of water depth (experimental group), and (2) voice exercises with vowel [a:]. Aerodynamic, electroglottographic, and acoustic voice assessments were conducted before and after exercises. RESULTS The experimental group showed a significant increase in contact quotient, subglottic pressure (Psub), glottal resistance, and sound pressure level (SPL) when comparing the pre-post 8 cm and the post 4 cm-post 8 cm conditions. No significant differences were found for the control group. Moreover, significant differences for all variables (except for glottal airflow) when comparing condition post (for the control group) and condition post 8 cm (for the experimental group) were found. CONCLUSION Tube phonation into water might improve vocal function in the geriatric population. This semioccluded vocal tract exercise seems to promote an increase in Psub and vocal fold adduction immediately after exercise. This in turn might cause an increase in SPL. The effect should become manifest when a deep level of submersion (e.g., 8 cm water) is used. Shallower submersion produced negligible or no effects.
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10.
Creatine or vitamin D supplementation in individuals with a spinal cord injury undergoing resistance training: A double-blinded, randomized pilot trial.
Amorim, S, Teixeira, VH, Corredeira, R, Cunha, M, Maia, B, Margalho, P, Pires, J
The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2018;(4):471-478
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Abstract
PURPOSE Determine whether creatine or vitamin D supplementation improves muscle strength in individuals with spinal cord injury undergoing resistance training. METHODS Thirteen male and one female with spinal cord injury, from two Portuguese rehabilitation centers, were randomized to creatine (3g daily), vitamin D (25000 IU each two weeks) or placebo group in a double-blind design. All participants performed progressive resistance training during eight weeks. The outcome measures, obtained at baseline and after intervention, included: Sum of four skinfolds; Corrected arm muscle area; Seated medicine ball throw; Handgrip strength with dynamometer; Manual wheelchair slalom test and one repetition maximum for Chest press, Triceps, Pec deck and Lat pulldown. Vitamin D levels were obtained in all participants before and after intervention. RESULTS 71.4% of participants had deficit values of vitamin D. The corrected arm muscle area improved significantly (p<0.05) in creatine group relatively to the control group. There was a significant correlation (p<0.05) between the one repetition maximum Pec deck and levels of vitamin D. CONCLUSIONS Supplementation with creatine may improve muscle strength parameters in individuals with spinal cord injury. Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in this population. It is recommended an initial screening of vitamin D levels at the beginning of the physical rehabilitation process.